基于颗粒识别分析系统的碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别和统计方法研究

碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别和统计是碎屑流灾害的研究重点。文章基于图像处理孔隙（颗粒）及裂隙图像识别与分析系统（PCAS）,以贵州纳雍普洒村崩塌-碎屑流为例,结合纳雍崩塌堆积物粒径实测结果,通过阐释识别过程中阈值、孔喉封闭半径、最小孔隙面积的参数意义,研究PCAS软件在碎屑流颗粒识别与统计中的应用,并提出了颗粒识别时这些参数的选取方法。分析结果表明:（1）PCAS能自动准确地识别碎屑流堆积物颗粒与孔隙,相比人工计数更精细,所识别堆积物各区小颗粒比重较大,0～2 m颗粒粒径各区占比都在50%以上;（2）当阈值为170（像素）时能获得精细的二值图像,颗粒与孔隙得到了准确地区分;（3）不同参数取值下获得堆积物颗粒粒径分布结果不同,碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别宜采用较大的孔喉封闭半径和较小孔隙面积,当二者比值为3/30（像素）时能更好地反应颗粒粒径分布情况;（4）PCAS具有较高的可行性,统计结果显示,各粒径含量变化趋势与人工统计相近,两种统计方法各粒径占比、分布规律基本吻合,说明利用PCAS可以实现对崩塌碎屑流颗粒粒径分布的高效便捷分析。     

全风化花岗岩地层中高固相离析浆液灌浆机理研究

全风化花岗岩地层稳定性差、遇水易发生崩解,工程上使用常规材料防渗加固注浆时效果较差。针对这一情况,依托湖南省郴州市莽山水库防渗加固灌浆项目,通过自主设计的全风化花岗岩地层注浆室内模拟试验装置,进行模拟注浆试验,实现了浆液在整个注浆过程中的扩散情况模拟,对不同注浆压力、不同位置点所取试样开展单轴抗压、抗剪强度及渗透率测试试验,对不同注浆压力下完整结石体取样观察,研究以全风化花岗岩颗粒为配方主体材料的高固相离析浆液在全风化花岗岩地层的防渗加固效果及浆液扩散模式。结果表明:该浆液在全风化花岗岩地层扩散过程中经历了渗透扩散、挤密压缩、劈裂扩展三个阶段,是一种复合注浆形式;以全风化花岗岩颗粒为主体的高固相离析浆液在全风化花岗岩地层注浆中效果显著,随着注浆压力提升,单轴抗压强度显著提升为原土体的3.25～13.67倍,抗剪强度在不同法向压力情况下提升为原土体的1.63～2.69倍,渗透系数从10?4 cm/s下降至10?5 cm/s甚至10?6 cm/s。     

广西大瑶山东南缘侏罗纪埃达克质花岗岩的特征、成因及构造意义

对钦杭结合带西南段大瑶山东南缘的中晚侏罗世埃达克质花岗岩（165~153 Ma）进行了岩石学、地球化学研究,并探讨了埃达克质和TTG岩类的特征属性。岩石SiO₂含量63.76%~72.13%,总体具高Al₂O₃（Al₂O₃≥15%）、低MgO （<3%）,亏损重稀土元素（HREE）、正Eu异常或弱的负Eu异常,低Y （≤18×10^-6）和Yb （≤1.9×10^-6）,高Sr （>300×10^-6）和Sr/Y值（>20）等埃达克岩独特的地球化学特征。结合区域构造演化分析认为,该侏罗纪埃达克质花岗岩形成于陆内伸展构造背景,为大陆板内加厚（隆起区）的下地壳底部岩石部分熔融的产物,属大陆板内环境I型花岗岩。具有类似于低镁安山岩/闪长岩系列（LMA）和镁安山岩/闪长岩系列（MA）两种高压型TTG亚类的属性,为古俯冲增生带下地壳弧型岩石熔融的继承性特征,与中生代古太平洋俯冲板片熔融过程无关,属非俯冲成因的埃达克/TTG岩类。其空间上与大瑶山东南缘早古生代俯冲增生带高度重合,且与早古生代TTG侵入岩组合紧密相邻,提示它们可能源自于早古生代洋壳俯冲带或大陆边缘弧下地壳玄武质岩石的部分熔融,因而具有洋俯冲成因的特征属性。     

Comparative Study of Acid and Alkaline Stimulants with Granite in an Enhanced Geothermal System

The Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) is an artificial geothermal system that aims to economically extract heat from hot dry rock (HDR) through the creation of an artificial geothermal reservoir. Chemical stimulation is thought to be an effective method to create fracture networks and open existing fractures in hot dry rocks by injecting chemical agents into the reservoir to dissolve the minerals. Granite is a common type of hot dry rock. In this paper, a series of chemical stimulation experiments were implemented using acid and alkaline agents under high temperature and pressure conditions that mimic the environment of formation. Granite rock samples used in the experiments are collected from the potential EGS reservoir in the Matouying area, Hebei, China. Laboratory experimental results show that the corrosion ratio per unit area of rock is 3.2% in static acid chemical experiments and 0.51% in static alkaline chemical experiments. The permeability of the core is increased by 1.62 times in dynamic acid chemical experiments and 2.45 times in dynamic alkaline chemical experiments. A scanning electron microscope analysis of the core illustrates that secondary minerals, such as chlorite, spherical silica, and montmorillonite, were formed, due to acid-rock interaction with plagioclase being precipitated by alkaline-rock interactions. Masking agents in alkaline chemical agents can slightly reduce the degree of plagioclase formation. A chemical simulation model was built using TOUGHREACT, the mineral dissolution and associated ion concentration variation being reproduced by this reactive transport model.     

中亚造山带南缘中—新元古代地壳的揭示——来自北山—阿拉善北部钻遇碱性花岗岩的年代学和Hf同位素示踪研究

前寒武纪微陆块是北山—阿拉善北部增生造山带的重要组分,旱山、雅干和珠斯楞—杭乌拉地区的前寒武纪基底是否存在学界尚存争议.居延海介于北山造山带北部和阿拉善地块北缘的构造衔接部位,受限于巴丹吉林沙漠覆盖,岩石露头极少,我们通过钻井工程,钻遇一套晚石炭世碱性花岗岩,锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征揭示,该花岗质岩浆锆石结晶年龄为(312±1)Ma(MSDW=0.46,n=18)和(315±2)Ma(MSWD=0.93,n=15),具有正的εHf(t)值,介于+0.8～+4.4之间,平均值为+2.2,对应二阶段模式年龄TDM2为1048～1267 Ma,平均值为1183 Ma,具有古老地壳的源区属性.通过与旱山构造带、雀儿山构造带、雅干构造带和珠斯楞—杭乌拉构造带的晚石炭世花岗质岩浆对比分析,结合旱山构造带、雅干构造带和珠斯楞—杭乌拉构造带0.9 Ga花岗质岩石的出露以及区域上的重磁资料解译,我们认为旱山、雅干和珠斯楞—杭乌拉构造带存在中—新元古代地壳,且可开展进一步的衔接关系研究.     

热带气旋西行造成的远距离降雨特征分析

2018年7月27~28日凉山州地区出现了持续性的强降水天气过程,本文运用水平分辨率为1°×1°的NECP6小时再分析资料、新型监测资料及常规观测资料进行分析。发现此次过程不同于常规的降水过程,环流背景上受副高外围的东南气流和热带气旋形成的东风波倒槽共同作用形成的急流轴影响,为降水地提供充足的水汽和能量补充,从而形势上形成了热带气旋远距离降水,同时副热带高压的稳定维持也阻挡了高原上的低值系统快速东移,使得降水机制长时间停滞,对降水地造成影响。     

Single Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Dating of the Guandimiao and Wawutang Granitic Plutons in Hunan, South China and Its Petrogenetic Significance

1 Introduction The South China Block (SCB), located between the Qinling-Dabie and Songma Indosinian sutures, experienced successively two important tectonic movements during the Mesozoic, i.e. the Indosinian movement (early Mesozoic) and the Yanshanian movement (late Mesozoic). Therefore, the generally accepted viewpoint is that the key geological problems during the Mesozoic are essentially the dynamics and material expression of these two tectonic movements in South China (Chen et al.…     

柴北缘元古宙鹰峰环斑花岗岩及其共生岩石的地球化学特征、成因及地质意义

中元古代鹰峰岩体的主体是环斑花岗岩,与其共生的岩石有石英闪长岩-奥长花岗岩和辉绿岩。环斑花岗岩高碱（Na2O＋K2O=8.49%～9.39%）、富钾（K2O/Na2O=1.12～1.43）,铝近饱和,高铁镁比值[（ΣFeO）/MgO=4.91～7.19];富Rb、Ba、Ga、Th、Zr、Nb、Ta,贫Cr、Ni、V;高ΣREE（392.24×10-6～594.76×10-6）,稀土元素强分异[（La/Lu）N=12.67～17.09],弱铕负异常（δEu=0.58～0.78）,显示碱性花岗岩的特征,与密云环斑花岗岩相似。石英闪长岩-奥长花岗岩具钙碱性系列岩石的特征;与环斑花岗岩相比,其Rb、Ba、Ga、Nb、Ta、Th、Hf、Zr低,而Ni、Cr、V高;ΣREE较低（ΣREE=77.04×10^-6～129.85×10^-6）,轻重稀土分异明显,但（La/Lu）N的比值较小（11.62～14.06）,铕异常更弱（δEu=0.69～0.93）。辉绿岩具低碱、高ΣFeO的特征,属拉斑玄武质,与洋中脊拉斑玄武岩相比,K2O等不相容元素高,具大陆拉斑玄武质的特征。辉绿岩的ISr（1776Ma）为0.7066,εNd（1776Ma）为＋3.6,环斑花岗岩的ISr（1776Ma）为0.7181,εNd（1776Ma）为-5.5,显示辉绿岩起源于年轻的地幔,花岗质岩浆主要源自古老的地壳。综合分析显示,这些侵入岩形成于伸展背景,是北半球中元古代非造山环斑花岗岩的成员之一,在加里东期卷入到柴北缘造山带的古老地壳中。这在世界上提供了一个古老克拉通及环斑花岗岩卷入古生代造山带的一个实例。     

Regional variations in cleavage and fold development in North Wales

The arcuate pattern of the main Caledonian cleavage and associated fold axial plane traces in North Wales is due partly to NW-SE compression with tectonic transport to the southeast against the concealed crop of the Tan y grisiau Microgranite. Low-angle cleavage close to the microgranite is shown to be a local variant of the regional cleavage formed during the main deformation and not an earlier phase as previously supposed. Transcurrent movements along several major fault systems are also related to compression around the microgranite and the Harlech Dome block.     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Late Ediacaran Rare-metalAlbite Granites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield

The Abu Dabbab albite granite(ADAG), in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, hosts the most significant rare metal ore deposit in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield. Here, we report detailed field,petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of the ADAG, an isolated stock-like granitic body with sharp intrusive contacts against metamorphic country rocks, probably emplaced at about 600 Ma. The fine-grained porphyritic upper unit is a preserved remnant of the shallowly-emplaced apex of the magma chamber, whereas the medium-grained lower unit crystallized at deeper levels under subvolcanic conditions. The peraluminous leucocratic ADAG shares common geochemical characteristics with post-collisional intraplate A-type magmas. In addition to the conspicuous enrichment in Na2 O, the ADAG is remarkable for its anomalous concentrations of Ta, Nb, Li, Hf, Ga, Sn, Zn and heavy rare-earth elements. Nb-Ta minerals in the ADAG are mixed with Fe-Mn oxides, forming black patches that increase in abundance toward of the base of the intrusion. Columbite-tantalite, cassiterite and wolframite are the most important ore minerals.Pronounced negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.10–0.24) reflect extreme magmatic fractionation and perhaps the effects of late fluid-rock interaction. The ADAG was most likely generated by partial melting of the juvenile middle crust of the ANS as the geotherm was elevated by erosional uplift following lithospheric delamination and it was emplaced at the intersection of lineations of structural weakness. Although formation of the ADAG and its primary enrichment in rare metals are essentially due to magmatic processes, late-stage metasomatism caused limited redistribution of rare metals. Fluid-driven subsolidus modification was limited to the apex of the magma chamber and drove development of greisen, amazonite, and quartz veins along fracture systems.