Effective fetch and non-linear four-wave interactions during wave growth in slanting fetch conditions

Wave growth in slanting fetch (with wind blowing obliquely off a coast) is investigated with 7 years worth of routine wave measurements in Lake IJssel in The Netherlands and with the SWAN wave model. Two aspects are considered in particular for this case: the validity of the concept of effective fetch and the role of the non-linear four-wave interactions. For slanting and parallel fetch conditions, we found some significant deviations from the effective fetch assumption, leading to 20–35% mismatch in either the peak period T_p or the significant wave height H_m0 respectively. However, the effect of discrepancies between various widely accepted wave growth formulas turned out to be even more important. The wave directions during slanting fetch are significantly ‘steered’ by the coastline, especially in the first kilometre(s) off the coast. The role of the non-linear four-wave interactions is investigated by running the SWAN (version 40.41) wave model with three different quadruplet formulations. Exact quadruplet methods (Xnl) yielded relatively strong wave steering, despite the four-wave interactions being relatively weak. Application of Xnl did not lead to better overall agreement with measurements — improvements for the mean wave period T_m01 were offset by some deterioration for the wave height H_m0.     

微小卡罗藻溶血活性的生长期特征及其溶血毒素种类分析

研究微小卡罗藻的生长曲线及不同生长期藻细胞提取液和去藻上清液溶血活性的大小,通过乙酸乙酯和Bligh-Dyer两种方法提取溶血毒素,利用柱层析和薄层层析对溶血毒素成分进行初步的分离与分析。结果表明,藻细胞提取液在4个生长阶段中都具有明显的溶血活性,去藻上清液在平稳期和衰亡期具有明显的溶血活性,延滞期及对数生长期溶血活性很低,表明微小卡罗藻的溶血物质是其自身正常生理代谢产物,且在细胞老化过程中可以释放至水体环境中。两种提取方法都可以将溶血毒素提取出来,进一步的色谱分离和生物活性检测发现微小卡罗藻主要含有3种不同性质的溶血毒素,其溶血作用可能与微小卡罗藻较高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸18:5n3和22:6n3有关。     

Skeletal linear extension rates of the foliose scleractinian coral Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) in a turbid environment

Skeletal linear extension rates of a foliaceous, IndoPacific, skiophilous, heterotrophic, scleractinian Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander 1786) were obtained along a sediment/nutrient load gradient at the southern islands of Singapore. Measurements were made during November 1999– November 2000 using the alizarin red‐S staining technique. Suspended particulate matter concentration (r²_adj = 0.76), turbidity (r²_adj = 0.59), the organic content of suspended sediments (r² = 0.50), and nitrite‐nitrate concentration (r²_adj = 0.50) were significant predictors of the skeletal linear extension rate of M. ampliata. Maximum linear extension growth rates of M. ampliata (mean ± SD: 1.43 ± 0.67–3.26 ± 0.59 cm·year^?1) were comparable to 15‐year‐old accounts at the same research sites, indicating adaptation to low‐light, high‐sediment waters.     

Scleractinian coral population size structures and growth rates indicate coral resilience on the fringing reefs of North Jamaica

Coral reefs throughout the world are under severe challenges from many environmental factors. This paper quantifies the size structure of populations and the growth rates of corals from 2000 to 2008 to test whether the Discovery Bay coral colonies showed resilience in the face of multiple acute stressors of hurricanes and bleaching. There was a reduction in numbers of colonies in the smallest size class for all the species at all the sites in 2006, after the mass bleaching of 2005, with subsequent increases for all species at all sites in 2007 and 2008. Radial growth rates (mm yr⁻¹) of non-branching corals and linear extension rates (mm yr⁻¹) of branching corals calculated on an annual basis from 2000–2008 showed few significant differences either spatially or temporally. At Dairy Bull reef, live coral cover increased from 13 ± 5% in 2006 to 20 ± 9% in 2007 and 31 ± 7% in 2008, while live Acropora species increased from 2 ± 2% in 2006 to 10 ± 4% in 2007 and 22 ± 7% in 2008. These studies indicate good levels of coral resilience on the fringing reefs around Discovery Bay in Jamaica.     

全新世以来苏北平原里下河南部地区的沉积记录和环境演化

通过对里下河南部泰州地区PM4剖面样品的微体古生物鉴定及粒度分析,结合AMS14C测年,探讨了该地区全新世以来沉积环境的演化。研究结果表明,全新世以来,该地区的沉积环境经历了湖相、滨海沼泽、海湾、瀉湖、湖相5个阶段。11900~4850cal.aBP：沉积物颜色为灰色-灰黑色,颗粒较细,为极正偏的尖峰态,水动力条件较弱,不含有孔虫和介形虫,为湖相沉积;4850~4250cal.aBP：水动力增强及粗颗粒沉积物增加,含有少量有孔虫,为滨海沼泽;4250~4050cal.aBP：砂质成分急剧增加,含有大量有孔虫,位于黄桥沙坝的北汊道内,为海湾沉积;4050~1850cal.aBP：粒度变细,水动力减弱,含有少量有孔虫及介形虫,为瀉湖沉积;1850~0cal.aBP：粒度变细,分选变好,水动力条件较弱,不含有孔虫,含有少量介形虫,为湖相沉积。     

养殖水温对龙虎斑幼鱼生长性能的影响

通过对不同水温(17、21、25、29、33和37℃)下,龙虎斑幼鱼的摄食生长、血清抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活力、消化酶活力及鱼体体成分含量变化等的分析,探讨龙虎斑(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀)幼鱼的最适生长温度范围。结果表明:(a)在养殖水温17~33℃范围内,龙虎斑幼鱼最佳摄食生长水温范围为30.20~31.29℃。(b)养殖水温对幼鱼SOD、CAT酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。(c)养殖水温对龙虎斑幼鱼的蛋白酶活性有显著影响,肠脂肪酶在21℃显著高于其他温度组(P<0.05);肠淀粉酶在25℃时显著高于其他组(P<0.05);蛋白酶活性最适水温为27.82~31.44℃。血清磷酸酶ACP和AKP活性在低温17℃时活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05),肝胰脏中磷酸酶ACP和AKP活性在低温33℃时活性低于其他组。(d)养殖水温对幼鱼体成分含量有显著影响(P<0.05),且随养殖水温的升高幼鱼水分含量、粗蛋白含量和灰分含量呈先降后升的变化趋势;脂肪含量则相反。     

波致应力的近似求解及其太平洋特征分析

基于波致应力计算中对海浪谱和波浪增长率公式的敏感性分析,选择适当的波致应力近似求解方法,计算和探讨了太平洋波致应力的时空分布特征。敏感性分析中,选择了4种常用的波浪增长率公式和3种经验解析海浪谱。推导了计算波致应力的单波公式,并将其与JONSWAP谱积分公式和Elfouhaily谱积分公式进行比较,同时使用了由风速和有效波高资料构造的Elfouhaily谱积分公式计算太平洋波致应力。结果表明:Belcher等(1993)的波浪增长率计算公式估算的波致应力与实验数据吻合度较好,同时适用ERA-interim数据;当波龄小于1.2时运用Elfouhaily谱积分公式更合适,当波龄大于1.2时运用单波公式更快速有效;太平洋的波致应力分布与风场之间存在明显的相关性;2009年1月、4月、7月和10月太平洋波致应力的季节性特征分析表明四个季节的西风带波致应力较其他地区都更强盛,而在时间变化上1月和10月为波致应力整体较为强盛的时期。     

铜藻(Sargassum horneri)在营养限制胁迫后对NH4-N的超补偿吸收研究

以经济马尾藻铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为研究材料,研究了其在营养限制胁迫后对NH_4-N的超补偿吸收情况。实验分营养限制和恢复营养两个阶段进行,每个阶段均设置饥饿处理组、饱和处理组和正常对照组。铜藻在低营养限制胁迫(饥饿)下培养10天后,恢复营养盐培养3天,分别采用次溴酸盐氧化法和锌镉还原法测定培养液中的NH_4-N和NO_3-N的浓度。本文研究发现,饥饿处理组中铜藻吸收氨氮的速率远高于正常对照组和饱和处理组,在恢复培养第一天时,饥饿处理组对NH_4-N的吸收速率最高为14.94μmol/(g·h),与正常对照组及饱和处理组间差异显著。在恢复培养的后两天,三个处理组中铜藻对NH_4-N的吸收速率差异慢慢变小,直至最后几乎相同。三组对NO_3-N没有表现出较高的吸收,最高仅为6.15μmol/(g·h),结果表明:氮源包括NH_4-N和NO_3-N时,铜藻优先选择吸收NH_4-N。实验后称重测定生长速率:对照组、饥饿处理组和饱和组生长率(SGR)分别为8.48%、8.86%、8.01%,ANOVA方差分析表明,三者存在显著差异(P=0.0320.05),从而证实了铜藻也存在超补偿生长的现象。     

不同产地浒苔对幼刺参生长、消化和非特异性免疫的影响

为探究不同产地浒苔型饵料对幼刺参生长、消化和非特异性免疫的影响,本实验将青岛浒苔与宁波浒苔的干粉与海泥分别按一定质量比例混合,开展刺参饲喂实验,并与刺参天然饵料马尾藻进行对比。结果表明,青岛浒苔饵料和马尾藻饵料喂养的刺参的粗蛋白含量分别为14.31%±0.10%和15.43%±1.41%,显著高于宁波浒苔饵料(11.17%±0.63%),粗脂肪和灰分含量无显著差异;青岛浒苔组、宁波浒苔组和马尾藻组的增重率分别为22.65%±5.68%、3.03%±1.17%和20.47%±2.01%,特定生长率分别为(1.44±0.33)、(0.21±0.08)、(1.33±0.12)%/d,青岛浒苔组和马尾藻组刺参的增重率和特定生长率显著高于宁波浒苔组;青岛浒苔组、宁波浒苔组和马尾藻组刺参肠道淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和纤维素酶活力无显著差异;马尾藻组刺参体腔液碱性磷酸酶活力为(17.57±4.56)金氏单位/100mL,显著高于青岛浒苔组[(5.56±1.32)金氏单位/100mL]和宁波浒苔组[(2.83±0.75)金氏单位/100mL],超氧化物歧化酶和酸性磷酸酶活力无显著差异。由此可见,绿潮暴发时,通过打捞浒苔用以配制刺参饵料,既有助于缓解绿潮的生态灾害,又能够补充刺参饵料来源,具有广阔的生态效益和市场前景,但是其营养成分影响因素较为复杂,配制饵料时应充分考虑不同品种、采集时间和生长地点的差异,并通过一些前处理手段充分发挥浒苔的饵料价值。     

庙岛群岛海域沉积动力环境分区及沉积物输运趋势

基于庙岛群岛海域的107个表层沉积物样品粒度分析结果,利用Pejrup三角图、Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析等方法,对庙岛群岛海域沉积动力环境进行分区,并探讨了沉积物的输运趋势。结果表明,研究区沉积动力环境可划分为5个分区(A、CⅢ、CⅣ、DⅢ、DⅣ),以庙岛海峡为中心,各分区基本呈左右对称分布,与潮流流速中部辐聚、两侧辐散的分布特征相对应,研究区沉积物分布及沉积动力格局主要受潮流控制。研究区内存在两个沉积物输运趋势的汇聚中心,沉积物的长期输运趋势在海峡区主要受控于往复潮流,波流共同作用在外海区影响较为显著,使其具有与海峡区截然不同的特点。