Temporal and spatial variations in density and velocity fields of the waters of Gareloch,Scotland

 Spatial variations in the density and velocity fields have been observed in the Gareloch (Scotland) during surveys in 1987–1988 and 1993–1994. The variation of the density field has been analyzed on a variety of time scales from semidiurnal to seasonal in order to quantify effects caused by the forcing factors of tidal mixing, freshwater input, and wind. Initial results indicate that water density in the loch is controlled (to a major degree) by the freshwater input from runoff from the local catchment area and from freshwater entering on the flood tide from the Clyde Estuary. It is estimated that during winter periods the high freshwater flows from the rivers Leven and Clyde into the Clyde Estuary account for up to 75% of the freshwater creating the density structure in the loch. Analysis of long-term dissolved oxygen data reveals that major bottom water renewals occurred between July and January in the years 1987–1994. Major bottom water dissolved oxygen renewals have a general trend but during the year sporadic renewals can take place due to abnormal dry spells increasing the density of the water entering from the Clyde, or consistently strong winds from the north reducing stratification in the loch and producing better mixed conditions. Velocities vary spatially, with the highest velocities of up to 0.6 m s^–1 being associated with the velocity jet effect at the constriction at the sill of the loch. Observed near-surface mid-loch velocities increased as the vertical density gradients in the upper layers increased. This indicates for the observed conditions that increased stratification in the upper layers inhibits the entrainment rate and hence rate of gain of thickness of the wind-driven surface layer, resulting in increased surface velocities for a given wind speed and direction. The main flow is concentrated in the upper 10 m and velocities below 10 m are low. Observed mean spring tide surface velocities are on average 30% greater than mean neap tide surface velocities. Received: 22 May 1995 · Accepted: 23 August 1995     

Comparisons of homogeneously reprocessed GPS and VLBI long time-series of troposphere zenith delays and gradients

Troposphere parameters estimated from space-geodetic techniques, like the Global Positioning System (GPS) or Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), can be used to monitor the atmospheric water vapor content. Although the troposphere can only be monitored at discrete locations, the distribution of the instruments, at least the GPS antennas, can be assumed to be quasi-global. Critical in the data analysis are systematic effects within each single technique that significantly degrade the accuracy and especially the long-term stability of the zenith delay determination. In this paper, consistent time-series of troposphere zenith delays and gradients from homogeneously reprocessed GPS and VLBI solutions are compared for a time period of 11 years. The homogeneity of these completely reprocessed time-series is essential to avoid misinterpretations due to individual model changes. Co-located sites are used to investigate systematic effects and the long-term behavior of the two space-geodetic techniques. Both techniques show common signals in the troposphere parameters at a very high level of precision. The biases between the troposphere zenith delays are at the level of a few millimeters. On the other hand, long-term trends significantly differ for the two techniques, preventing climatological interpretations at present. Tests assume these differences to be due to mathematical artifacts such as different sampling rates and unmodeled semi-annual signals with varying amplitudes.     

GOCE�����ݶ������˲������������������

??????GOCE?????????????????????????????????????????????3??????????????????????Ч???????????????????2009-11-02~2010-01-10??70 d????????????????????????70 d???????????????1??200??ε?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3??160?????????μ?????     

Alpine Activity Patterns of Mitopus morio （Fabricius, 1779） are Induced by Variations in Temperature and Humidity at Different Scales in Central Norway

Our research addresses questions about how micro-climate affects activity abundance of a common and widespread harvestman in an alpine ecosystem. Activity patterns of the Harvestman Mitopus morio （Fabricius, 1779） were studied along different alpine gradients in the central Norwegian Scandes. Within a nested design, we surveyed 18 alpine habitats with pitfall traps and microclimatological equipment along oceanic-continental, two elevational, and （fine-scaled） microtopographic gradients. Sites in the oceanic region of the Scandes showed generally higher abundance of M. morio than sites in the continental region. Furthermore, along the elevational gradient, middle-alpine sites showed higher abundances than low-alpine sites. These general patterns are best explained by higher humidity in the oceanic region and in the middlealpine belt. Focusing at a finer scale, i.e. one elevational level within each region, revealed partly opposing activity patterns within relatively short distances. While in the western middle-alpine belt these patterns were best explained by humidityrelated measures but now with higher activity abundance during drier conditions, in the drier eastern middle-alpine belt heat sums rather than humidity were found to be the best explanatoryvariables for the observed patterns. Hence, our results imply a pronounced different reaction of the two populations towards climatic variables that partly even contradict the previously described general pattern. Regardless whether these differences in activity abundance in M. morio are a form of phenotypic plasticity or adaptation, our findings stress the importance of detailed autecological knowledge combined with fine-scaled climatic measurements when aiming at predictions about possible future ecosystem structures and spatiotemporal phenomena. M. morio proves to be an ideal biogeographic model organism for understanding spatio-temporal responses of alpine ecosystems under modified climatic conditions.     

GOCE引力梯度内部校准方法

GOCE卫星引力梯度仪的精确校准是反演高精度重力场的前提之一,本文利用GOCE卫星L1b数据中的引力梯度仪及恒星敏感器数据实现了卫星引力梯度的内部校准。以最小二乘联合多个恒星敏感器观测数据确定内部校准使用的角速度,有效避免了单个恒星敏感器低精度角速度分量对坐标转换过程的影响。考虑到恒星敏感器坐标系与梯度仪坐标系间旋转矩阵随时间的变化,本文在ESA官方内部校准方法的基础上,提出了顾及旋转矩阵校准参数的内部校准模型,并利用2009年11月的GOCE实测数据验证了该方法的效果。结果表明,该旋转矩阵校准参数数值约100″,且在该月存在3″~30″的漂移;与GOCE官方内部校准方法对比,从卫星引力梯度精度结果来看,在低于0.005 Hz频段内,同时解算旋转矩阵的校准参数与梯度仪内3个加速度计对的校准参数的内部校准模型优于仅考虑加速度计对校准参数的模型;除此之外,本文讨论了以该模型为基础的GOCE梯度仪数据校准的可能方法,为GOCE及后续重力卫星的数据处理工作提供参考。     

融合多源数据构建区域航空重力梯度扰动全张量

通过联合全球重力位模型(EGM2008)、航空重力扰动数据和剩余地形模型(RTM)数据,基于频谱域(二维FFT变换)和空间域(Stokes数值积分)算法对毛乌素测区GT-2A航空重力测量系统采集的空中测线后处理重力扰动数据进行解算,构建了该地区的航空重力梯度扰动全张量.(1)残余航空重力扰动延拓结果表明:残余航空重力扰动经向下延拓至大地水准面,再向上延拓至航空高度后与原数据差值的标准差为1.0078 mGal,考虑边缘效应后,内缩计算范围得到的差值标准差减小至0.1269 mGal.(2)基于残余重力扰动数据(原航空高度数据及向下延拓数据),通过不同方案解算得到的梯度扰动结果表明:两种方案得到的研究区域重力梯度扰动各分量之差的最大标准差为6.4798E(Γ_(yz)分量),最小标准差为2.6968E(Γ_(xy)分量),内缩计算范围后得到的差值标准差最大值为1.8307E(Γ_(zz)分量),最小值为0.7223E(Γ_(yz)分量).本文的思路和方法可为未来我国自主构建航空重力梯度标定场提供参考.     

人文自然耦合视角下过渡性地理空间概念、内涵与属性和研究框架

从人文自然耦合的视角看,过渡性地理空间是介于自然和人文之间的复合地带,凸显人地关系地域系统的特殊性与复杂性。其中,山区是过渡性地理空间的主体,是全国国土空间高质量发展与治理的关键区域,对其系统深刻理解与认知亟待全面加强。立足于人文自然耦合系统层面阐释过渡性地理空间的概念、内涵与属性,并借鉴多学科理论与方法,结合地理编解码技术,探索性提出基于色差渐变原理的过渡性地理空间研究的科学框架,以期深刻阐释过渡性地理空间人文自然耦合演化过程及其机理,并为提升过渡性地理空间国土空间功能与优化国土空间开发格局提供科学指导和决策依据,这对于丰富人地关系地域系统研究做出新的探索具有应用价值。     

Analysis of dune erosion processes in large-scale flume experiments

Large-scale physical model tests were conducted with different wave periods to examine the physical processes driving dune erosion. The model tests have been carried out in a flume (2DV) with a sandy dune exposed to extreme surge and wave conditions [Van Gent, M.R.A., Van Thiel de Vries, J.S.M., Coeveld, E.M., De Vroeg, J.H. and Van de Graaff, J., 2008. Large-scale dune erosion tests to study the effect of wave periods. Coastal Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.04.003.]. Detailed measurements in time and space of water pressure, flow velocities and sediment concentrations were performed in the near shore area. The data revealed that both short- and long waves are important to inner surf hydrodynamics. Depth averaged flows are directed offshore and increase towards the shore line. The corresponding mean sediment concentrations rise sharply towards the dune face (up to 50 g/l near the bed). The strong increase in the mean sediment concentration towards the dune face correlates well with the maximum wave surface slope which in turn is coupled to both the pressure gradient and the near-bed wave-breaking induced turbulence. Analysis shows that the pressure gradient is only partially coupled to the flow acceleration suggesting that the latter cannot always be used as a proxy for the first. Weak correlation is obtained with the near-bed flows related to the bed shear stress. Tests with a larger wave period resulted in a larger dune erosion volume. During these tests more wave energy (combined incident and infragravity waves) reached the dune face, but more importantly, this wave energy is dissipated by fewer waves resulting in more intense wave breakers and steeper wave fronts. It is therefore expected that the wave-breaking induced near-bed turbulence increases resulting in significantly higher (O(100%)) mean sediment concentrations. In addition the mean flow velocities are comparable, yielding a substantially larger offshore directed sediment transport capacity. This increase in offshore directed transport is only partially compensated by a concurrent increase in the wave related onshore transport capacity associated with intrawave processes, resulting in a net increase in the dune erosion rate.