航磁梯度的转换及有关问题讨论

本文首先推导出了已知航磁垂直梯度（或者水平梯度）计算总场异常、水平梯度（或者垂直梯度）、总梯度矢量（G^→）、方向梯度G_l和梯度张量g的公式。并对其中的转换公式进行了理论模型验证,检验结果证明了它们的正确性。其次,对与其有关的几个重要问题进行了详细讨论,并得出了有意义的结论。     

Analysis of piled rafts

Analysis of piled raft foundations, taking account of their full three-dimensional complexity, can be accomplished by modern finite element analysis techniques. The characteristics of the (preconditioned conjugate gradient) numerical method applied to this problem are analysed, and then the method isused in a field problem of a raft subjected to very rapidly varying loading patterns. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

核磁共振测井探测岩石内部磁场梯度的方法

岩石内部磁场梯度对核磁共振测井横向弛豫T₂分布有较大的影响.本文提出了一种利用自旋回波脉冲序列探测岩石内部磁场梯度的二维核磁共振方法,发展了相应的反演方法,得到了含顺磁性物质的饱和水砂岩和泥质砂岩的内部磁场梯度分布规律.结果表明,随顺磁物质含量的增加,岩石内部磁场梯度增大.含顺磁物质的饱和水砂岩颗粒均匀,不含粘土矿物,内部磁场梯度呈单峰分布特征.含绿泥石粘土矿物的饱和水泥质砂岩,T₂分布呈双峰特征,束缚水峰明显,小孔短T₂对应的梯度值大于大孔长T₂对应的梯度值.当绿泥石含量小于15%时,随绿泥石含量的增加,对应束缚水峰的短T₂组分明显增多,T₂分布展宽;当绿泥石含量大于15%以后,较大的岩石内部磁场梯度使短弛豫信息衰减迅速,表现出随绿泥石含量的增加,短T₂组分减少,T₂分布变窄.     

Impact of climate change on snowpack in the Pyrenees: Horizontal spatial variability and vertical gradients

In this study, snowpack series are modeled across the Pyrenees using data derived from the HIRHAM Regional Climate Model for both the control period (1960–1990) and two emission scenarios (SRES B2 and A2) by the end of the 21st century (2070–2100). A comparison of future and control simulations enables us to quantify the expected change in snowpack for the next century. Snow simulations are performed on 20 Regional Climate Model (RCM) grid points over the Pyrenees, covering the entire north–south and east–west transects; data were downscaled for four different altitudinal levels (1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 m a.s.l.). This procedure yields a relatively complete picture of the expected impacts of climate change in the Pyrenees, covering horizontal spatial variability as well as altitudinal gradients. According to the HIRHAM model projections following different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, the thickness and duration of snowpack in the Pyrenees will decrease dramatically over the next century, especially in the central and eastern sectors of the Spanish Pyrenees. The magnitude of these impacts will follow a marked altitudinal gradient: the maximum accumulated snow water equivalent may decrease by up to 78%, and the season with snow cover may be reduced by up to 70% at 1500 m a.s.l. The magnitude of the impacts decreases rapidly with increasing altitude; snowpack characteristics will remain largely similar in the highest sectors. The decline of the snowpack would be reduced by half if a medium–low emission scenario was considered (B2) instead of the medium–high concentrations of greenhouse gas assumed in the A2 scenario.     

Widespread occurrence of aquifers currently undetectable with the MRS technique in the Grenville geological province, Canada

In the summer of 2003, a series of field tests were made over aquifers within or next to the Grenville geological province, Canada. Twelve sites distributed within three general areas of the province and nearby to its southern border were surveyed with the MRS (Magnetic Resonance Sounding) technique. Each site was characterized by saturated shallow water bearing layers of high effective porosity. The tests were planned to evaluate the MRS technology in such environments for groundwater resources quantification and aquifer/aquitard media characterization. A priori, the environmental conditions in Eastern Canada were assumed favorable for MRS work such as low to moderate ambient noise, earth's field value above 55,000 nT, targets consisting of shallow and high porosity aquifers. Despite such conditions, no clear MRS responses were observed. Following supplementary investigations, this is now attributed to the wide-scale occurrence of disseminated magnetite within the aquifers which shorten the signal decay time. Although the lack of MRS response over aquifers has been reported before, this was not the case for such widespread occurrence. This also supports the adaptation of the MRS technology to conditions similar to those observed in the Grenville province.     

内部磁场梯度引起的扩散对NMR岩石测量响应的影响

低场NMR岩心分析能够刻度NMR测井响应,对于较为准确地预测储层的渗透率、束缚水体积等与产能密切相关的参数尤其重要.对来自南海东部油田的100%饱和盐水的砂岩岩心进行了变回波间隔的实验室NMR T2测量,随着回波间隔的增大对实验观测到的两种不同的T2 分布的移动进行了理论上的分析和解释.随着回波间隔的增加,T2谱向着长弛豫时间的移动可以用过优化NMR采集参数消除掉,而对另外一种由内部磁场梯度引起的移动即随着回波间隔增加T2谱向短弛豫时间的移动则复杂得多,至今为止也无法做到定量化内部磁场梯度的值,这种移动能够引起错误的NMR测井解释.因此理解内部磁场梯度对T2弛豫时间的影响是很有必要的.文中对由内部磁场梯度扩散引起的扩散弛豫对T2弛豫时间的影响进行了理论上的模拟计算,这有助于理解和解释岩石内部磁场梯度对NMR T2弛豫时间的影响.最后结合压汞毛管压力曲线,解释了具体的岩心实验结果,并且计算了具体的岩心的内部磁场梯度值,计算出的内部磁场梯度值应该被视为内部磁场梯度的几何平均值.     

Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion using non-linear conjugate gradients

We have formulated a 3-D inverse solution for the magnetotelluric (MT) problem using the non-linear conjugate gradient method. Finite difference methods are used to compute predicted data efficiently and objective functional gradients. Only six forward modelling applications per frequency are typically required to produce the model update at each iteration. This efficiency is achieved by incorporating a simple line search procedure that calls for a sufficient reduction in the objective functional, instead of an exact determination of its minimum along a given descent direction. Additional efficiencies in the scheme are sought by incorporating preconditioning to accelerate solution convergence. Even with these efficiencies, the solution's realism and complexity are still limited by the speed and memory of serial processors. To overcome this barrier, the scheme has been implemented on a parallel computing platform where tens to thousands of processors operate on the problem simultaneously. The inversion scheme is tested by inverting data produced with a forward modelling code algorithmically different from that employed in the inversion algorithm. This check provides independent verification of the scheme since the two forward modelling algorithms are prone to different types of numerical error.     

Methods of harmonic synthesis for global geopotential models and their first-, second- and third-order gradients

Four widely used algorithms for the computation of the Earth’s gravitational potential and its first-, second- and third-order gradients are examined: the traditional increasing degree recursion in associated Legendre functions and its variant based on the Clenshaw summation, plus the methods of Pines and Cunningham–Metris, which are free from the singularities that distinguish the first two methods at the geographic poles. All four methods are reorganized with the lumped coefficients approach, which in the cases of Pines and Cunningham–Metris requires a complete revision of the algorithms. The characteristics of the four methods are studied and described, and numerical tests are performed to assess and compare their precision, accuracy, and efficiency. In general the performance levels of all four codes exhibit large improvements over previously published versions. From the point of view of numerical precision, away from the geographic poles Clenshaw and Legendre offer an overall better quality. Furthermore, Pines and Cunningham–Metris are affected by an intrinsic loss of precision at the equator and suffer from additional deterioration when the gravity gradients components are rotated into the East-North-Up topocentric reference system. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于明暗等深线与分层设色的海底地形立体表示方法研究

提出了一种通过明暗等深线结合分层设色的途径,在二维平面图上实现海底地貌形态三维立体表示的方法。对等深线明暗特性与分层设色方案确定的方法进行了深入的研究,建立了相应的数学模型,并给出了实例,对该方法的有效性进行了验证。