黄山北麓青弋江发育研究

青弋江位于黄山北麓,为长江下游最长的支流。野外考察发现青弋江泾县盆地段存在溪口剖面和城北剖面等2个天然剖面,共发育了1级洪积扇台地（P）和3级河流阶地（T3、T2和T1）,并相应堆积了4级砾石层。通过对砾石层进行砾组分析,并借助电子自旋共振（ESR）测年和古地磁测年等方法,初步探讨了青弋江发育的年代、过程和成因。研究结论为：① 砾组分析表明青弋江T3阶地是青弋江的最老阶地,并且其砾石层是青弋江的最老砾石层;② 测年结果表明青弋江发育的年代区间为1300~900 ka,其中~1300 ka为青弋江发育的最早年代,而~900 ka则为青弋江发育的最晚年代;③ 青弋江发育于~1377 ka前的洪积扇辫状河,并先后经历了洪积扇及辫状河发育、辫状河下切、青弋江形成等阶段,即所谓的源于洪积扇辫状河的青弋江发育过程;④ 青弋江发育可能是降水增加和构造抬升共同作用的结果。该研究有助于为中国东部地区中小河流发育研究提供参考。     

公路翻浆机理浅析及其治理方案初探

公路翻浆致使路基破坏,公路车辆不能正常行驶,年年需要维修,耗资不菲。道路翻浆与地基土岩性及其地基土的水理性质紧密相关。冬季土质地基结冻,春季解冻地基土从上、下同时融化,完全融化前,中间总有一层没融化,就是这一层起到隔水层作用,地基土中地下水排泄不畅,滞留地基土中,造成该层地基土呈过饱和状态,承载力大大降低,经车辆碾压造成路基翻浆。     

Effect of changes in fine‐grained matrix on bedload sediment transport in a gravel‐bed river

While clay and silt matrices of gravel‐bed rivers have received attention from ecologists concerned variously with the deteriorating environments of benthic and hyporheic organisms, their impact on sediment entrainment and transport has been explored less. A recent increase of such a matrix in the bed of Nahal Eshtemoa, an ephemeral river of the northern Negev, has more than doubled the boundary shear stress needed to initiate bedload, from 7 N m^‐2 (τ^* = 0.027) during the flash floods of 1991–2001 to 15 N m^‐2 (τ^* = 0.059) during those of 2008–2009. The relation between bedload flux and boundary shear stress continues to be well‐defined, but it is displaced. The matrix now contains a significant amount of silt and clay size material. The reasons for the increased entrainment threshold of bedload are explored. Large‐scale laser scanning of the dry bed reveals a reduction in grain‐scale morphological roughness, while artificial in situ tests of matrix integrity indicate considerable cohesion. The implications for adopting bed material sampling strategies that account for matrix development are assessed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bridging the gap between turbulence and larger scales of flow motions in rivers

Although flow turbulence in rivers is of critical importance to earth scientists, ecologists and engineers, its relations with larger flow scales are not well understood, thus leaving a fundamental gap in our knowledge. From an analysis of a long time series of the streamwise and vertical flow velocity fluctuations measured in a gravel‐bed river, we show that the signature of the fundamental turbulent flow structures (e.g. ejections and sweeps) is embedded within increasingly larger flow scales in a self‐similar manner. The imbrication of turbulent structures into large flow pulsations of flow acceleration and deceleration covers more than two‐orders of magnitude from a few seconds to nearly 10 minutes. This property is explained by the clustering of turbulent events creating an emergent pattern at larger scales. The size of the larger flow pulsations scales with the spacing of the pools and riffles in the river. This implies a mutual adjustment between turbulence generation mechanisms and long pulsations of flow acceleration and deceleration controlled by the bed morphology. These results bridge a gap in our understanding of flows in rivers and offer a new perspective on the interactions between the turbulent flow with larger scales of flow motion that are critical for sediment transport, habitat selection and fish behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE MARBLE BEACHES OF TUSCANY*

ABSTRACT. Beach‐nourishment operations designed to replace sediment lost through erosion change the identity and meaning of coastal landscapes. Seven beaches in Tuscany, nourished with marble‐quarry waste, reveal how an industrial byproduct is naturalized by particle rounding and sorting and can become a positive symbol of human‐altered nature. The marble was placed on formerly sandy beaches, resulting in different grain size and color of sediments, beach morphology, and value for human use. The abrasion rate of marble makes the nourished beaches unsatisfactory when viewed solely as protection structures, but the rapid particle rounding and aesthetic appeal of marble increase the acceptability of the beaches for recreation.     

Understanding the temporal dynamics of the wandering Renous River,New Brunswick,Canada

Wandering rivers are composed of individual anabranches surrounding semi‐permanent islands, linked by single channel reaches. Wandering rivers are important because they provide habitat complexity for aquatic organisms, including salmonids. An anabranch cycle model was developed from previous literature and field observations to illustrate how anabranches within the wandering pattern change from single to multiple channels and vice versa over a number of decades. The model was used to investigate the temporal dynamics of a wandering river through historical case studies and channel characteristics from field data. The wandering Renous River, New Brunswick, was mapped from aerial photographs (1945, 1965, 1983 and 1999) to determine river pattern statistics and for historical analysis of case studies. Five case studies consisting of a stable single channel, newly formed anabranches, anabranches gaining stability following creation, stable anabranches, and an abandoning anabranch were investigated in detail. Long profiles, hydraulic geometry, channel energy, grain size and sediment mobility variables were calculated for each channel. Within the Renous study area, the frequency of channel formation and abandonment were similar over the 54 years of analysis, indicating that the wandering pattern is being maintained. Eight anabranches were formed through avulsions, five were formed through the emergence of islands from channel bars and 11 anabranches were abandoned. The stable anabranch pair displayed similar hydraulic geometry and channel energy characteristics, while unstable anabranch pairs did not. The anabranch pair that gained stability displayed more similar channel energy characteristics than the anabranch pair that was losing stability (abandoning). It appears that anabranch pairs with similar energy characteristics are more stable than anabranches where these characteristics are out of balance. This is consistent with the hypothesis that anabranch pairs of similar length will be more stable than those with dissimilar lengths. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水上振动沉管碎石桩施工关键技术应用

针对振动沉管碎石桩水上施工应用少、合适船机设备少、桩身质量控制难等问题,通过改造施工船机设备,优化关键技术参数和施工工艺,依托具体工程开展现场研究。采用三管式碎石桩船,研发了大开度活瓣钢桩靴,配置沉桩定位及视频监控系统实现施工过程的可视化;碎石添加采用干法填料、管身开孔润料、提升过程不留振的工艺,可顺利拔管成桩;采用皮带机供料、计量斗计量、提升斗运输的一体化加料工艺,碎石填料可精确控制。结果表明:通过将桩间距2.3 m 分别调整为桩间距2.4 m、排间距2.18 m 和桩间距2.1 m、排间距2.5 m,整个桩身分为三段,并控制平均拔管速度为1.5 m/min,充盈系数采用1.38,合理分批次加料、干法填料,两次留振时间分别控制在20 s和60 s等措施,经重型动力触探法检测,表层2 m 锤击数平均值为8.3,2 m 以下锤击数平均值为11.2,满足表层2 m 的碎石桩重型动力触探锤击数达到7击以上,2 m 以下贯入10 cm 锤击数不小于10击的设计要求。     

不同掺合料砂砾石的冻胀实验研究

本文介绍饱水开放系统条件下砂砾石土的冻胀实验及结果,给出了四种土类在不同细颗粒土含量时的冻胀实验结果,并考虑冻结速率的影响;提出了用砂砾石土换填冻层的允许粉粘粒土含量之标准界限和工程实用的冻胀率安全控制指标,给出了其含量与冻胀率的相关曲线及冻胀率预报计算的经验公式。     

Gravel accumulation in deposits of viscous debris flows with hyper-concentration

According to the observational data of viscous debris flows with hyper-concentration, debris flows can be classified into three types： high-viscous, viscous, and sub-viscous debris flows. Distinct formation mechanism of different graded bedding structures in deposits of viscous debris flows was analyzed in this paper by using their yield-stress ratio and flow plug ratio. This paper specially analyzed the effect of Weissenberg which the gravels in squirm condition of hyper-concentration viscous flows would tend to move vertically, and the formation mechanism of the gravels accumulated at surface was also studied. The analysis in this paper can establish a foundation for the studies on differentiation of bedding structures of debris flow deposits and studies on dynamic parameters of debris flows.