典型工程筑坝砂砾料级配特征与压实特性研究

砂砾石坝坝料级配设计、坝体分区和填筑标准的设计均依赖于工程经验,为砂砾石坝坝料设计和填筑标准设计及评估提供工程类比基础。基于典型工程筑坝砂砾料级配包线和填筑标准现场试验干密度统计,分析实际工程筑坝砂砾料典型级配包线范围,给出关键级配特征参数的分布区间,并研究砂砾料级配特征对压实特性的影响。结果表明：（1）典型筑坝砂砾料级配最大粒径为400～600 mm,常见级配包线含砾量为70%～88%,曲率系数为1～10,不均匀系数多大于5,级配方程参数b和m范围分别为0～0.9和0.2～1.0;（2）能获得较高填筑干密度的砂砾料级配含砾量为70%～85%,曲率系数为1～10,不均匀系数大于5,级配方程参数b值和m值分别为0.7～0.9和0.6～0.9;（3）含砾量、曲率系数、不均匀系数和最大粒径对干密度均有显著影响,影响程度依次减小。     

A study of orthogonal design tests on frost-heaving characteristics of graded crushed rockEI北大核心CSCD

Seasonally frozen soil is distributed widely in the Northeast China. The prevention measures against the frost heave of graded crushed rock, which is used as the filler of surface layer in subgrade, are crucial to high-speed railway constructed in seasonally frozen soil region due to the strict requirements of subgrade deformation. In order to study the frost heave characteristics of graded crushed rock under different conditions, water content, fine content, cooling temperature and compaction are chosen as influential factors of frost heave characteristics. The closed system laboratory frost heave experiments have been performed based on the orthogonal design, showing that different frost heave amounts appear in different combinations of factors and levels. The frost heave ratio of most graded crushed rock samples is small when water content is 5%, and it exceeds 1% when water content is above 7%. The temperature field, frozen depth, frost heave deformation process and water content distribution in sample after freezing are analyzed. It is found that the water content is greater than the initial water content at the cold side, and is lower than initial water content at the warm side. Using the frost heave ratio as a reference sequence and other factors as comparison sequences, the correlation degrees among water content, fine content, compaction, temperature at cold side and frost heave ratio are analyzed with the gray correlation method. The results from this analysis indicate that water content produces the most significant effect on the frost heave ratio of graded crushed rock. The water content of graded crushed rock should be maintained below 5% in order to prevent frost heave development in the cold regions.     

An experimental test of whether bar instability contributes to the formation,periodicity and maintenance of pool–riffle sequences

Pool–riffle sequences (PRSs) are periodic river‐bed morphologies with wavelengths several times the channel width. Causes of PRS formation and maintenance are not clearly understood, which may limit the effectiveness of protection and rehabilitation measures. Some confusion has existed about whether the PRS morphology is the same as or distinct from alternate bars. In this paper we investigate whether the bar instability forming alternate bars also contributes to PRS formation, periodicity and maintenance. This was unclear because bar instability occurs only when the ratio of channel width/depth exceeds a critical value, generally understood to be approximately 10, which is larger than the width‐to‐depth ratio of many PRSs. A mobile‐bed physical model is used to test whether bar instability occurs in channels characteristic of PRS morphology, with low width‐to‐depth ratio, and high relative roughness. The physical model was scaled from a prototype PRS in a gravel and cobble bed river. Alternate bars formed in the model at channel width‐to‐depth ratios as low as 3·8. The wavelength of the alternate bars formed was generally 2·2–5 times channel width, which was similar to the prototype PRS. Therefore, bar instability can occur in virtually all PRSs, and it contributes to the widespread formation of periodic PRS morphology. The model showed that maintenance of the bar height in the prototype PRS also depends on variations in channel width. It is concluded that periodic PRSs are formed and maintained by the interaction between bar instability, and flow deflections associated with variations in channel geometry such as width variation. Resonance between bar instability and three‐dimensional bed forms such as alternate bars and variations in channel geometry. Variations in channel geometry are also important in determining the location and dimensions of individual pools and bars. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高应力下砾质心墙料切线模量研究

使用高压大型三轴仪,对某300 m级土石坝的砾质土心墙料进行了最高围压5 MPa的三轴试验。试验结果表明砾质土的应力-应变关系符合双曲线关系,抗剪强度包络线呈非线性。根据参数的物理意义,初始模量Ei应在尽可能小的应变范围内取值,最大主应力差 应在大应变范围内取值,且实际工程的应变在1 %左右,建议在?a= 0 %～3 %下取Ei值,在?a = 5 %～15 %下取 值,数据拟合表明建议取值法比传统取值法拟合度高。由于试验的围压范围较大,提出把围压分0.2～1.0 MPa,1.5～3.0 MPa,3.5～5.0 MPa三段分别取切线模量,通过回归证明拟合较好。     

Deriving formulas for an unsteady virtual velocity of bedload tracers

In a flume experiment with steady flow conditions, H. A. Einstein recognised the transport of bedload particles as consisting of steps of rolling, sliding, or saltation with intermittent rest periods, and introduced the concept of an average, ‘virtual’ transport velocity. This virtual velocity then has also been derived from tracer studies in the field by dividing the travelled distance of a tracer by the duration of competent flow. As a consequence, the virtual velocity in the field is represented by one single value only, despite the unsteady flow variables. Tracer measurements in a river have not been yet used to express transport velocity as a direct function of these actual variables, and insights from tracer measurements into the processes of sediment transport remain limited. In particular, the unsteady conditions for bedload in the field have impeded the derivation of sediment transport characteristics as determined from laboratory experiments, as well as the transfer of laboratory insights to a field setting. We introduce a method of data regression for the derivation of an ‘unsteady’ virtual velocity from repeated surveys of tracer positions. The regression program called graVel (provided as supplementary material) relates the integral of an excess flow variable term to measured travel distances, yielding the most probable threshold value for entrainment and the coefficient of linear and non‐linear formulas. An extended regression allows additional fitting of the exponent in non‐linear formulas. Application to published tracer data from the Mameyes River, Puerto Rico, shows that the unsteady virtual velocity is more likely governed by non‐linear relations to excess Shields stress, similar to bedload transport, than by relations linking the particle velocity linearly to excess shear velocity. Partial agreements with non‐dimensional results derived from the larger, non‐wadeable Mur River encourage the establishment of a generalised formula for the unsteady virtual velocity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental Research on Dynamic Shear Modular Ratio and Damping Ratio of Sandy Gravel Soil

The dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of sandy gravel are important parameters for the seismic response analysis of valley geomorphic sites,which have an important impact on the determination of design ground motion parameters. In this paper,the dynamic triaxial test of sandy gravels has been performed based on the project of the Shangluo Seismic Microzonation. Combined with the other results of sandy gravel,the recommended results of slightly dense,medium dense and dense sandy gravel were obtained. By building the typical site model,the influence of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio uncertainty on the seismic response of the site is studied. The results show that the uncertainty of the average of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio ± 1 times the standard deviation has little effect on the peak acceleration of the sandy gravel site,and the rationality of the grouping and statistical results is explained. Under different probability levels,the change in the shear modulus ratio and damping ratio leads to a significant difference in the high frequency response spectrum.The response spectrum of 0. 04-0. 1s ranges from about 20%,but it has little effect on the long period spectrum of more than 1. 0s. The study of dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of sandy gravel has the ability to improve the reliability of the designing ground motion parameters.     

Morphodynamics of alternate bars in the presence of riparian vegetation

Alpine gravel-bed rivers are dynamic systems that have been subjected to many anthropic alterations in the past centuries. Riparian vegetation development on previously bare sediment bedforms has been a common adjustment, raising important management issues in terms of flood risks and biodiversity. Many of these rivers are also channelized, and as a result present a pattern of alternate bars. Considering recent advances in numerical biomorphodynamic modeling, this study aims at exploring numerically the morphodynamics of alternate bars in the presence of riparian vegetation. To this end, a dynamic vegetation module has been implemented on top of an existing morphodynamic model, accounting for ecological processes of seed dispersal, seedling recruitment, growth, and mortality. Numerical simulations have been performed on a simplified reach of a gravel-bed river with free migrating alternate bars at initial state. In this work 96 scenarios have been simulated, each representing 50 years of channel evolution, with different flood regimes characterized by various peak discharges and flood durations. Yearly peak discharge variability is explicitly modeled in 48 scenarios. Model outcomes present two possible equilibrium biomorphodynamic behaviors: stationary vegetated bars, or free migrating bars in the case of frequent vegetation removal during floods. This binary behavior holds true when the stochasticity of annual peak discharges is represented, and for a wide range of parameter values included in vegetation dynamic modeling. Transient mobility of vegetated bars is observed in specific configurations where large sediment deposits deflect the flow field, eroding bar heads. Modeled bar wavelengths are in the range of values predicted for free bars by linear bar theory, and remain far from the theoretical values of hybrid, steady bars. The shift from unvegetated migrating bars to steady vegetated bars seems to show that in these simulations vegetation constitutes a hydraulic forcing, leading to a shift from free bars to forced bars, with a final configuration largely inherited from the initial state. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宽肩台防波堤稳定性数值模拟方法研究

宽肩台堆石堤是海岸工程中的一种海堤形式,其以结构简单、施工快捷、布局灵活和造价经济的特点在工程中得到了广泛应用。宽肩台防波堤以堆积块石为主体,在海区波浪作用下达到稳定的堆积结构。进行宽肩台式防波堤稳定性的研究 是设计宽肩台防波堤的重要基础。介绍了波浪水槽的光滑粒子动力学 （SPH） 理论和建立方法,验证了造波结果。提出了一种块石单元法 （GEM） 模式,以块石单元为独立刚体来模拟宽肩台防波堤上的块石在波浪作用下的受力状态和运动过程。建立了一种垂向二维光滑粒子动力学方法 SPH 与 GEM 耦合的波浪和块石模型,采用 SPH 与 GEM 相结合,对防波堤堆石孔隙外部的波浪运动和内部的孔隙环流进行模拟计算,并根据 Forchheimer 公式确定孔隙内部的压力。用 SPH 方法模拟堆石堤外部流场的波浪破碎压力,用孔隙环流模拟堆石堤内部的孔隙压力。使用耦合模式模拟了宽肩台防波堤孔隙流场,验证了孔隙压力分布。模拟了波浪作用于块石和块石对波浪动力响应过程,给出了静态平衡到动态平衡的流固场变化,模拟结果与物理模型试验结果基本一致。耦合模型的建立为宽肩台堆石堤的稳定性研究提供了理论依据,同时也为同类型工程研究提供了新思路。     

深厚漂卵石地层中超大直径钻井冲抓工艺的研究及应用

介绍了在直径8.3 m、深度285 m钻井井筒内,应用冲抓锥抓取漂卵石进尺并与回转钻进工艺相结合,完成超大直径钻井的工艺技术。主要包括冲抓设备参数的选取、冲抓工艺及技术参数的确定等。     

海砂粒级划分标准和沉积物命名方法探讨

近年来, 随着海砂资源需求激增和勘查开发快速发展, 解决海砂调查研究领域中海砂命名混乱的问题迫在眉睫。本文在总结多年海砂调查经验和前人研究成果的基础上, 分析对比已有粒级划分标准和沉积物命名方法的特点, 提出一套适用于海砂的粒级划分标准和命名方法。基于伍登-温特沃斯(Udden-Wentworth)等比制φ值粒级标准, 提出将海砂沉积物粒级划分为砾(>2mm)、砂(2~0.063mm)和泥(<0.063mm)3大类, 二级细分为9小类; 基于优势粒级法思想, 将砾、砂和泥作为三个分类端元, 提出“砾-砂-泥三角图解+砂、砾质沉积物细分命名”的海砂沉积物分类方案, 体现了“对砂、砾质沉积物细化其名, 对泥质沉积物简化其名”的思想。该命名方法直观地反映了海砂的粒级组成和含量, 同时较好地兼顾了海砂命名的沉积学涵义和实际应用需求。