分水岭算法在电成像测井图砾石识别中的最优参数研究

基于电成像测井,将分水岭算法应用到电成像测井图砾石的识别中,分水岭算法在砾石识别应用中的参数选取直接影响到识别效果。针对分水岭算法识别砾石的各个步骤,选取不同的优化参数进行处理,对处理效果进行对比分析,最终确定分水岭算法识别砾石的最优参数,并对吉林王府断陷AA井、BB井和CC井三口井进行实际处理,得到很好的效果。     

砂卵石粗粒土颗粒外形特征测量与评定初探

粗粒土颗粒的外形特征是影响其力学特性及渗流特性的重要因素之一。采用室内试验分析的手段对颗粒的外形特征进行了研究。选取粒径分别为10～20、20～40、40～60 mm的两种不同形状的砂卵石粗粒土颗粒,在风干状态下通过排水法分别测定其体积,通过蜡膜厚度估算法测定其表面积,对颗粒体积及表面积关系进行数学拟合,建立了一定粒径范围内两种不同外形砂卵石粗粒土颗粒体积与表面积之间的函数关系。通过类比,发现试验所得出的两个拟合函数关系式和同体积标准球体的体积与表面积关系式具有十分相似的形式,据此提出了类圆度的概念及类圆度系数的计算方法,为颗粒外形特征的定量描述提供了一种方法与思路。     

考虑排水条件和粗料含量的砂砾石土动残余变形特性

采用改进的GDS循环三轴试验系统对5种级配的饱和砂砾土在不排水、单面排水和双面排水条件下进行了动残余变形试验,系统研究粗料含量P5（粒径大于5 mm颗粒质量百分比）和排水条件对饱和砂砾土动残余剪应变和动残余体应变的影响。试验结果表明：动残余剪应变随粗料含量和排水面数的增加而显著降低;循环加载30周产生的不排水动残余剪应变是单面排水条件下动残余剪应变的2～3倍,是双面排水条件下的4～9倍。砂砾土的动残余体应变随粗料含量增大而减小,随着排水面数的增加而增大;双面排水动残余体应变是单面排水动残余体应变的2.0～2.5倍。     

小主应力方向加载条件下的掺砾黏土真三轴试验

对土石坝心墙掺砾黏土开展模拟心墙单元小主应力方向加载的真三轴试验,首先对试样进行不同围压条件下等向固结,然后保持小主应力恒定,通过调整大主应力和中主应力,以模拟土石坝竣工后的初始三向应力状态。试验过程中保持大主应力和中主应力恒定,从小主应力方向单向加载,以模拟土石坝蓄水过程中心墙单元所经历的应力路径。试验结果与常规三轴试验以及复杂应力条件下大主应力方向真三轴加载试验结果都有显著不同。不同初始应力条件下,不同主应力方向的初始切线模量和初始切线泊松比的变化规律非常复杂,应力–应变显现出明显的各向异性。在心墙堆石坝施工过程及蓄水过程中,心墙单元所经历的应力路径明显不同,合理的土体本构模型应该对这种由于加荷路径不同所引起的不同方向模量和泊松比进行合理描述。     

冻融循环对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能影响的试验研究

循环冻融作用下粗粒土的力学性质对于高寒地区边坡稳定性分析意义重大。以藏区某一排土场土体作为依托,开展了不同冻融循环次数后不同级配黏质粗粒土的单轴压缩试验,研究冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能的影响。结果表明：冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土应力-应变关系曲线性状及破坏模式有一定的影响,可使其应变呈现由脆性破坏（软化）向塑性流动（硬化）变化的规律。当提高冻融循环次数时,该类土体的弹模和抗压强度均显著减小,其中5~9次冻融循环前减小幅度较大,之后基本保持不变。单轴抗压性能的弱化与土样循环冻融过程中伴随的细颗粒团聚、大中孔隙增多、密实度下降有关。20次冻融循环后,该土质土样抗压强度、弹模最大降低幅度各自高达43%和77%。可见随着提高细砾组的含量,土样的抗压强度和弹模均呈现下降的趋势,这与该土样内粗、细土颗粒的比例及强度发挥机理密切相关。粗粒土单轴抗压破坏应变随冻融循环次数和细砾组含量的增加有一定的增加趋势。     

碎石颗粒形态特征及其与堆积特性的关系

颗粒形态对碎石集料宏观力学性质有显著影响,准确描述其形态特征是从微细观层面研究材料宏观力学行为的基础性工作。针对颗粒形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度的形态特征,探讨了基于颗粒几何尺寸的量化表征参数;分析了不同粒组碎石颗粒形态特征表征参数的分布规律;结合单粒组颗粒堆积试验,讨论了颗粒形态特征与堆积孔隙率的关系。有以下结论：（1）提出的以周长为核心表征的颗粒形态特征量化参数,对颗粒形态以及形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度形态特征具有较好甄选能力;（2）基于每个粒组1 000个颗粒样本统计分析表明,描述颗粒形态及形状、棱角、纹理特征的参数均符合对数正态分布;（3）颗粒集合体的综合棱角、纹理指数与松堆和密堆条件下的孔隙率具有较好的映射关系,颗粒棱角与纹理是影响堆积孔隙率的主控因素。     

含砾量对饱和砂-砾混合料排水剪切强度的影响

为探讨含砾量Gc对砂-砾混合料排水剪切强度Sd的影响,对砂-砾混合料开展了一系列三轴排水试验。结果表明,Gc不同的混合料的应力-应变关系曲线呈应变硬化型和应变软化型2种不同的发展模式,随着Gc的增加,无论砂-砾混合料处于松散(Dr=0.2)、中密(Dr=0.4、0.6)还是密实(Dr=0.8)状态,排水剪切强度Sd均先略有降低后保持不变,最后迅速增加。研究发现,e、Cu、Cc和d50都不能作为合理描述不同Gc的砂-砾混合料Sd的参数,而具有不同Gc和Dr的砾-砂混合料的Sd均随等效骨架孔隙比esk的增大而降低,表明esk可以合理地表征砂-砾混合料Sd的物理状态。     

REDISTRIBUTION AND MIXING OF SOIL GRAVELS BY TREE UPROOTING*

Gravel distributions within treethrow mounds and adjacent undisturbed soils in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania were examined to determine the pedoturbation effects of tree uprooting. Erosion of fine materials from the fresh root plate and subsequent treethrow mound leaves gravels as a lag deposit forming surface gravel armors. Continued slow erosion of remaining nongravelly materials diminishes topograhic expression of the mound. In time, gravel armors remain as the only evidence of past uprooting events.     

Detection and hydrologic modeling of aquifers in unconsolidated alluvial plains through combination of borehole data sets: a case study of the Arao area, Southwest Japan

In addition to spatial distribution of groundwater-flow parameters, aquifer properties of location and shape are also significant for assessing groundwater resources because they strongly affect water flow. We present a selection of geologic data suitable for aquifer analysis, a mathematical method of processing them, and a combination of several maps produced by it. The data used in the analysis are typically obtained by borehole investigation. Our targets are the areas underlain by geologic bodies with different ages and lithologies; the spatial correlation structures of geologic data over the areas tend to change locally. The processing method should be a versatile one that is applicable to areas where geostatistical stationarity is not satisfied. The aquifer analysis consistent with that requirement consists of two steps: the first is the transformation of screen locations, locations of sand and gravel layers, and resistivity by electric logging into indicator values, and the second is three-dimensional interpolation of these using the optimization principle method to produce three kinds of distribution models. A stochastic simulation is also used for modeling the resistivity distribution. The three distribution models are integrated to generate a value for evaluating the possibility of aquifer existence. A case study of an alluvial coastal plain, situated in southwest Japan, describes an aquifer model that contains three permeable layers. Each layer has about 10-m thickness and is lens shaped. To confirm the validity of the model, we have drilled two wells that reached one of the middle and bottom permeable layers, observing the water level change. Low correlation of the temporal changes of levels between the wells indicates that the two layers are hydrologically independent of each other. Additionally, groundwater-flow patterns have been estimated by transforming the simulation model parameter into hydraulic conductivity through a simple function and using a finite difference method for flow analysis. The procedure proposed by this study can be applied to other areas by changing the weights assigned to each geologic and geotechnical factor in the generation of the coefficient for aquifer existence, considering the reliability of each factor and hydrologic properties of study area.     

振动沉管碎石桩在淤泥质土地基中的应用研究

对地基土进行加固处理的方法有很多种,但是,对于某一种土质,应用那一种方法效果更好,这是地基加固处理成功的关键。本文通过工程实例,详细介绍了振动沉管碎石桩地基处理技术在淤泥质地基土中的具体应用,对地基加固方法进行了比较,提出了该地基处理方法施工注意事项。该工程竣工已两年时间,地基变形稳定,加固效果良好,值得推广。