卵砾石地层金刚石钻头的试验研究

卵砾石地层钻进是钻探的难题之一,不仅钻进速度低,钻头的使用寿命短,而且钻探成本高。针对卵砾石地层钻进,开展了新型结构钻头的试验研究,研制成一种金刚石-聚晶体复合型钻头,现场试验表明,钻头的钻进速度能够≮1.8 m/h,使用寿命能够达到50 m,钻探成本较低。     

Analysing laser‐scanned digital terrain models of gravel bed surfaces: linking morphology to sediment transport processes and hydraulics

The grain‐scale topography of a sediment surface is a key component of a fluvial system, affecting aspects including sediment transport, flow resistance and ecology. However, its effect is hard to quantify because of the need for grain‐scale elevation data from in situ fluvial gravel surfaces which are difficult to collect. The sediment surface properties are, therefore, commonly estimated as a function of the sediment grain‐size distribution; however, because of additional factors, such as grain packing and shape, there is not necessarily a unique relationship between the two. A new methodology has been developed that uses terrestrial laser scanning to collect grain‐scale topographic data from in situ fluvial gravel surfaces, from which digital terrain models are created. This paper investigates methods of analysing such digital terrain models, and possible sedimentological interpretations that can be drawn from the analysis. Eleven digital terrain models from exposed gravel surfaces in two contrasting rivers (the River Feshie and Bury Green Brook) were analysed by calculating: the distribution of surface elevations, semivariograms, surface inclinations, surface slopes and aspects and grain orientation. The distribution of surface elevations and surface slope and aspect analysis were found to be most informative. In the River Feshie, grain‐size was interpreted as being a dominant control on sediment surface structure and gravel imbrication was identified. In Bury Green Brook, the location of the digital terrain models within the riffle–pool sequence was the dominant control on surface structure and grain orientation. Such digital terrain models therefore provide a new approach to measuring and quantifying the topography of fluvial sediment surfaces.     

弱胶结砂砾岩地层钻头研制及提速工具配套研究

针对弱胶结砂砾岩地层钻井过程中面临的PDC钻头崩齿、碎齿严重,钻头先期损坏使得单只进尺少,钻井成本高等技术难题,从弱胶结砂砾岩地层岩石力学特性分析、锥齿PDC钻头研制及提速工具配套等方面着手,研究形成了适合弱胶结砂砾岩地层钻井提速的锥齿微心PDC钻头;并通过选用恒扭矩工具配合该型钻头在胜利油田利567区块进行现场应用,取得了良好的效果,大大延长了钻头的使用寿命,起到了提高机械钻速和降低钻井成本的目的。     

多投影面下珊瑚砂砾颗粒形貌量化试验研究

珊瑚砂砾是一种由死亡的珊瑚、贝类等遗骸经过了漫长的物理与化学风化作用形成的一种特殊岩土介质。珊瑚砂砾颗粒具有易破碎的特点,其细观结构对岛礁地基的宏观力学性能有着重大影响,而砂土颗粒形貌的定量化一直是未能很好解决的技术难题。利用PartAn颗粒形貌观测系统可对同一砂土颗粒的多角度下投影图像进行研究,并通过多种参数对砂土颗粒的形貌进行评估,进而精确区分珊瑚砂砾中枝状、棒状、片状、块状颗粒的形貌特征,适用于不同形状砂砾材料的大量样本的快速测量。同时所得测试数据也可作为数值模拟的基础数据库,为随机生成不规则颗粒的手段提供了数据资源支撑。试验中对17万个单独颗粒进行了形貌量化分析,所得数据库量大,具有较高的统计可信度,同时免除了试验前人工挑选试样所带来的人为因素的干扰影响。所得珊瑚砂砾分形数据具有较高真实度,可为珊瑚砂砾在荷载作用下颗粒破碎的定量化提供可靠方法。     

含石量对土石混合体剪切特性的影响

为了探究不同含石量对土石混合体的抗剪强度及剪胀性的影响,利用先进的大型单剪试验仪进行了21组大型单剪试验。试验设计了从0%～80%含石量共7组试验样品,在100、200、300 kPa三种不同的法向压力下进行单剪试验。基于试验结果,分析了含石量对土石混合体的抗剪强度和剪胀、剪缩特性之间的关系。试验结果表明,在相同的法向压力下,随着含石量的增加,土石混合体的内摩擦角及黏聚力总体上有先增大后减小的趋势。当土石混合体在含石量为40%～50%之间时,其抗剪强度最大。研究表明：土石混合体抗剪强度受到土石混合体孔隙比的影响,同时随着含石量的增加,土石混合体中的结构形式及主导颗粒也相应的发生变化。当含石量在0%～20%之间时,细集料在土石混合体中占主导地位,土石混合体为悬浮密实结构,此时土石混合体的抗剪强度与基质颗粒的性质相近;当含石量在20%～50%时,土石混合体为骨架孔隙结构,随着含石量的增加,土石混合体的骨架逐渐形成,颗粒之间咬合力增加,使得黏聚力及内摩擦角都有明显提高;当含石量超过50%之后,土石混合体表现为骨架密实结构,孔隙率开始上升并且细粒料开始大幅减少,细集料不能充分填充块石之间的孔隙,于是土石混合体抗剪强度开始下降。     

新疆额尔齐斯河边滩砾石定向性特征及其意义*

综合运用玫瑰图以及Curray的计算方法,对额尔齐斯河某处边滩上的20个观测点的砾石定向性进行了研究。结果表明,研究区砾石长轴存在定向排列且最优方向和河流流向平行,但是砾石定向性特征还和其他因素有关。颗粒支撑方式对砾石定向性有一定影响,多级颗粒支撑的砾石定向性最好,其次是颗粒支撑的砾石。水动力强弱会影响砾石定向排列,当水动力比较弱时,砾石在流水作用下以滚动的方式被搬运,砾石长轴和河流流向垂直;水动力比较强时,砾石在流水作用下以跳跃方式被搬运并且长轴和流向平行,在这种情况下其所受阻力最小,能够保持稳定状态。砾石粒径也会影响砾石定向性,在水动力比较弱时,小砾石(粒径小于2cm)长轴和河流流向垂直,大砾石(粒径大于2cm)和河流流向平行;但是当水动力较强时,砾石粒径大小对颗粒定向性特征的影响就可以忽略不计。因此运用砾石长轴来判断古流向时,要综合考虑研究区的古气候、沉积时的水动力等其他因素,然后确定河流流向和砾石长轴的关系,最后再确定研究区的古流向。     

Forest fire,bank strength and channel instability: the ‘unusual’ response of Fishtrap Creek,British Columbia

In August 2003, the McLure forest fire burned 62% of the drainage basin of Fishtrap Creek. Streamflow has been measured there since the early 1970s, and suspended sediment concentration and channel morphology have been monitored since the fire. Although the short post‐fire period (four years) limits our ability to draw firm conclusions about streamflow changes, there has been no obvious increase in peak flows since the fire. However, the total runoff during the freshet period does appear to have increased and the onset of snowmelt appears to occur about two weeks earlier than it did prior to the fire. Suspended sediment records from Fishtrap Creek and from an unburnt reference stream nearby are similar, suggesting that the burnt areas have remained relatively stable and that the sediment supply to Fishtrap Creek has not been dramatically altered. In contrast, the stream channel morphology has changed, widening by over 100% of the original width in some places and transforming from a laterally stable plane‐bed morphology to a laterally active riffle‐pool morphology. The timing and magnitude of the observed morphologic changes are consistent with the predicted decline in bank strength due to root decay, implying that the observed changes are associated with an internal instability associated with changes to the stream boundaries, rather than with the more typically reported externally driven instabilities caused by changes in streamflow or sediment supply. This delayed response in the absence of large changes in streamflow or sediment supply, while ‘unusual’ in that it has not been documented in the previous literature, may be a common mode of response, particularly in wat'ersheds with nival flow regimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alternate bar development in an alpine river following engineering works

Formation and development of alternate bars in an engineered mountainous reach of the Arc River, France, is studied using photo analysis, 1D modelling and by applying theoretical and empirical models for alternate bar systems. Alternate bars already existed in the 80s in the form of a stable confined wandering system. In 1994, the river bed was flattened after engineering works. However, aerial photographs and cross-sectional profiles show that bars rapidly recovered within a few years. The alternate bar system evolved rapidly with a reduction of the number of bars and so an increasing bar length. The width-to-depth ratio, the slope change, the bend upstream of the reach, and the sediment supplies are the main controls of bar formation and evolution. The system appears to lead to force bars due to the bend but also due to a bridge in the downstream part of the reach. Nevertheless some free mobile bars are still observed in the middle of the reach. A discussion on the alternate bar formation is provided using empirical and analytical models. Finally, impacts of low flows and vegetation seem to be significant in the stabilization of the system toward a confined wandering system as observed before the engineering works.     

掺砾黏土样的大型三轴流变特性试验研究

高心墙堆石坝的砾质土筑坝材料含有较大颗粒,又含有大比例的黏性土,渗透系数较低,试验需要用大尺寸的仪器。大尺寸试验排水、饱和困难、试验周期长、难度大,一直是试验工作的难点,在砾质土试样中预留砂芯加速排水饱和的方法可以有效地解决该问题。对掺砾黏土样进行了大型三轴流变试验,通过实测蠕变量和蠕变模型参数对掺砾后黏土样的流变特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,掺砾黏土样的蠕变量与时间关系呈现较好的幂函数关系,采用长江科学院蠕变模型可准确地描述其流变特性;在相同饱和状态下掺砾样的蠕变量和蠕变模型参数指标较低,说明掺砾起到了改善土样工程性状的功能;在均为土样或者掺砾样条件下非饱和状态的蠕变指标明显低于饱和状态下的蠕变指标,说明预留砂芯加速排水的方法起到了明显的作用,促进了试样的充分饱和。     

单一粒径组颗粒材料破碎规律及破碎极限研究

岩土材料颗粒破碎演化规律是颗粒破碎过程复杂性的集中体现,对单一粒径组颗粒材料破碎规律的研究是进行多粒径组颗粒材料破碎规律的基础。从概率统计角度入手,先对前期研究中所提出的描述单一粒径组颗粒材料破碎规律的3个参数-破碎概率p、破碎状态参数a、b的演化规律进行了研究。通过对3组不同类型（不同试验材料、试验类型）的试验数据的研究,发现随着破碎的发展3个参数趋于定值,表明破碎极限的存在。基于上述研究,最后提出了计算单一粒径组颗粒材料破碎极限的方法,分别得到了3组试样的最终分形维数分别为2.3、2.34、2.28。