基于随机森林模型的云南元阳梯田地形因子分析

为探究地形因子对梯田空间分布的影响,以云南元阳梯田坝达流域为研究区,运用GeoEye-1遥感卫星数据(2010年,1 m分辨率)和数字高程模型(20 m分辨率),提取梯田空间分布信息以及海拔高程、地形坡度、地形坡向、地面曲率、高程变异系数、地形起伏度、地面粗糙度、地表切割度、到水系距离9个地形因子。采用随机森林(Random Forest)方法建模,结合ROC曲线和AUC值对模型进行精度评价,根据随机置换残差均方减少量和因子作用曲线,探讨地形因子对梯田分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:该流域内梯田总面积1 158395 hm2,模型AUC值为0.947,海拔高度因子的随机置换残差均方减少量为38814,到水系距离因子为199.77,地面坡向因子为80.26,三者占总值的73.45%。由此可见,元阳梯田的空间分布主要受海拔高度、到水系距离、地面坡向3类地形因子的影响,其因子曲线表明梯田分布与地形因子间呈非线性关系。     

架子台沟低品位铅锌矿原生晕地球化学特征及深部矿产预测

对架子台沟一带1:50 000化探异常检查中,地表发现有铅锌矿化显示,经对激电测深异常深部钻探验证发现有低品位锌矿(化)体。通过系统采集0号勘探线上的2个钻孔中岩石、矿石样品,进行原生晕特征研究分析表明:矿体近矿元素为Ag、Pb、Zn、Cd,尾矿元素为W、Sn、Bi;轴向分带序列由上至下为:Pb-Au-Ag-Mo-Bi-Sn-Cu-Cd-W-Zn。对成矿元素与相关金属元素进行聚类分析、因子分析,并结合激电测深结果,认为在矿体的侧部、深部仍可能有盲矿体。     

北京平原区地质剖面的初步建立——太古宙结晶基底和元古宙地层

北京平原目前尚未建立系统的地质剖面。1867年庞培莱将北京西山分为3大系,1871年李希霍芬提出震旦系、划分12层。1922年葛利普将震旦系限定在前寒武系,1923年田奇镌将南口剖面划分为7个岩组,1934年高振西将震旦系3分(南口群、蓟县群、青白口群)。1976年乔秀夫3分青白口群(下马岭组、龙山组和景儿峪组),1980年汪长庆等将十三陵剖面分为4系12组,1991版《北京市区域地质志》将十三陵剖面分为3系12组。本文初步建立平原区地层表,详细描述太古宙结晶基底和元古宙地层剖面,在京南大兴区的榆垡(兴热-1井)和安定(兴热-2井)发现太古宙片麻岩,在京热-70井、京热-59井、京热-71井和京热-75井编录蓟县纪地层,利用亦庄小学钻孔厘定待建系下马岭组、青白口纪龙山组和景儿峪组。     

Underwater Navigation Based on Real-Time Simultaneous Sound Speed Profile Correction

Precise sound speed profile (SSP) information is critical when using sonar for underwater terrain navigation. Nevertheless, acquiring SSP information in real-time is difficult, especially in underwater navigation environment. To account for this problem, this paper presents an underwater navigation method that applies real-time SSP correction to the terrain measurements. The method uses a probe to measure the surface sound speed simultaneously. Meanwhile, redundancy of topographic measurement data is exploited to derive the equivalent SSP information. The acquired equivalent SSP is updated continuously with particle filter algorithm. The terrain measurements can be corrected in real-time with the equivalent SSP to improve the performance of underwater terrain navigation. By removing the impact of inaccurate SSP from the terrain measurements, the proposed method can achieve precise and robust underwater navigation result without using an underway-profiling instrument. Simulated results confirm the good performance of the proposed method.     

Land-surface segmentation as a method to create strata for spatial sampling and its potential for digital soil mapping

Sampling efforts are constrained by limited availability of resources. Therefore, methods to reduce the number of samples, while still achieving reasonable accuracy are needed. Land-surface segmentation (LSS) has proven a powerful technique to partition digital elevation models (DEMs) and their derivatives into relatively homogeneous areas, which can be further employed as support in soil sampling. Though topography is one of the main soil forming factors, a robust assessment of the potential of this technique to digital soil mapping (DSM) is still missing. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the potential of LSS in stratifying a landscape into relatively homogeneous areas, which can be used as strata for guiding the selection of sampling points in DSM. The experiments were carried out in two study areas where soil samples were available. Land-surface derivatives were derived from DEMs and segmented with a tool based on the multiresolution segmentation algorithm, into objects considered as homogeneous soil-landscape divisions. Thus, one sample was randomly selected within each segment from the existing sample data, based on which predictions of soil classes/sub-orders and properties, i.e. soil texture and A-horizon thickness, were made. Results were compared with predictions based on simple random sampling (SRS) and conditioned Latin hypercube (cLHS). The segmentation-based sampling (SBS) scheme performed better than SRS and cLHS schemes in predicting the A-horizon thickness, soil texture fractions and soil classes, showing a high potential of LSS in stratifying a landscape for the purposes of DSM. The novelty of this study is in the way strata are constructed, rather than in the sampling design itself. Further research is needed to demonstrate the value of a SBS design for practical use. The analyses presented here further highlight the importance of considering locally adaptive techniques in optimization of sampling schemes and predictions of soil properties.     

AS350B3型直升机在中高山航空物探测量中的优势

中高山地区作业的航空地球物理勘探飞行器需要有高原适航性。通过对比空中国王350ER在起降条件、最大升限、最大续航能力及高原机动能力等特点,提出了在中高山地区的低高度、大比例尺的航空地球物理勘探飞行器的选型原则及飞行方法。通过甘肃某测区的实际测量飞行验证了该原则和方法的可行性。分析结果显示,AS350B3型直升机在中高山地区作业时表现出的实际飞行性能满足在该类型区域低高度、大比例尺的航空地球物理勘探的要求。     

聚龙小镇DZK1地热勘查孔钻探施工技术

地热勘查孔（探采结合孔）是在矿山钻探施工工艺的基础上进行的探索性施工。着重介绍了福建省泉州市聚龙小镇DZK1地热勘查孔在钻探施工过程中遇到的施工难题以及新技术、新工艺的应用。如大口径单管取心、空压机洗井和活塞洗井相结合的洗井方法、套管的隔级使用、深孔测试钻杆密闭性、深孔磨钻头、在涌水量大的地层钻进等。     

序贯高斯模拟在矿石品位估计中的应用研究

随机模拟是地质统计方法的重要内容。在矿石品位估计方法中克里格方法作为一种无偏估计方法,常被用于矿石品位的估计。但克里格法估值存在平滑效应。作者在分析序贯高斯模拟和普通克里格法基本原理的基础上,运用序贯高斯模拟方法和普通克里格方法对某铁矿体内全铁(TFe)品位进行估计,给出了品位估计结果模型。研究从勘探线方向、垂直勘探线方向和竖直方向分别计算变差函数,对球状模型、指数模型、高斯模型的变差函数拟合效果进行了优选,结果表明球型模型拟合效果最好。针对序贯模拟和克里格品位估值效果进行了分析,结果显示:序贯高斯模拟结果在品位分布形态上更接近样品品位分布形态,其平滑效应更小;克里格方法估计与序贯高斯模拟方法相比仅在品位均值方面更接近样本品位均值。因此,认为序贯高斯模拟方法可以更好地刻画矿体内品位分布状态。     

超大超深灌注桩施工关键技术研究与应用

以深圳某项目桩基础施工为依托,综合考虑地质特点和施工工艺要求,对超大超深灌注桩在花岗岩地层施工开展了相关研究,并将研究成果应用到实际施工中,有效地解决了该类型桩基础施工中的难点,保证了项目的顺利实施,为后续类似项目提供了参考依据。