岩体化学风化的非连续性及其科学意义

岩体化学风化在空间上具有高度的非连续性,这种非连续性广泛存在于从宏观、细观到微观的所有尺度。宏观结构面是化学风化最主要的发生场所;风化岩体内,新鲜岩块被沿结构面内法线方向发育的腐蚀带包围,呈斑点状分散于腐岩中。微缝等细观损伤普遍存在于各类岩石中;化学风化从岩块内不同空间位置的水力有效空隙向三维空间扩展,决定了细观尺度上化学风化的非连续性。矿物溶解是在晶体中具有过剩表面能的缺陷位置优先发生的,因而具有显著的微观非连续性。由于非连续特性,化学风化可增大水岩界面,提升矿物溶解反应的规模及速率。通过对既有损伤的扩展及在损伤空间堆积残余物,化学风化具有分离—裂化岩体、岩块及造岩矿物的重要作用,这种作用可使以新鲜岩石为主的岩体大规模脱离母岩,而堆积于坡脚的岩石块体在化学风化的继续作用下,可裂解为更小的岩屑或矿物碎屑,为向水体搬运创造条件,从而极大地促进斜坡夷平及地貌重塑进程。     

东濮凹陷及其邻区下古生界碳酸盐岩储集层特征及其控制因素分析

分析了东濮凹陷及邻区下古生界碳酸盐岩储集层的特征及控制因素 ,并通过与任丘潜山和鄂尔多斯盆地古风化壳的对比 ,指出成岩演化、沉积相带、构造应力作用等是控制本区下古生界储集层发育的关键因素。本区发育潜山和古风化壳两种类型的风化壳储层。东濮凹陷南部—中牟凹陷与鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系成岩演化历史、沉积相带相似 ,古风化壳储层发育 ,邻近古生界和新生界生烃中心是本区碳酸盐岩油气勘探的有利地区     

丹棱-思濛扇积物中的漫洪相粘土层

在简述丹棱-思氵蒙冲积扇上覆粘土层的分布与特征之后,应用粒度分析方法和孢粉组合来论述其沉积环境,并尝试应用粘土矿物与土体中易累积的稳定化合物含量与淋溶系数(ba)等所代表的粘土风化程度来论证该粘土层的相对年代。     

南方红土的剖面风化特征

对地处九江的南方红土所作的观察和元素地球化学分析表明 ,南方红土在剖面上存在风化强度的系统变化特征。剖面下部对应网纹红土的层位风化强度大大高于剖面上部对应褐黄色土的层位 ,其中氧化铁游离度从下部 90 %降至上部 4 5 %左右 ,相当于从砖红壤环境转变为红壤环境。这种风化强度的系统变化在北方黄土地层中没有相似表现 ,但可能与黄土记录的中更新世晚期以来粉尘通量逐步加大、干旱化程度逐步加深有着某种关联 ,暗示中更新世晚期以来可能存在较为普遍的气候恶化趋势。     

RED WEATHERING CRUST ON LIMESTONE AND PLANATION SURFACE OF TIBET AND ITS EASTERN DISTRICT

RED WEATHERING CRUST ON LIMESTONE AND PLANATION SURFACE OF TIBET AND ITS EASTERN DISTRICTthedevelopmentprojectofNationalKeyBasicFoundation (G19980 4 0 80 0 ) ;theprojectofTibetPlateaure searchofChineseAcademy (K2 95     

风化壳剖面的定年研究

风化壳时间序列的建立是提取有关信息的根本前提。然而,风化壳的定年一直被认为是一道国际难题。近年来,风化作用及风化壳剖面的研究越来越受到人们的关注,有关风化壳定年的研究也取得了一些重要进展。本对此进行了归纳和总结,并对各种方法进行了评述。     

Weathering and morphogenesis in a mediterranean climate, Calabria, Italy

Deeply weathered plutonic rocks occur widely in the Sila Massif, Calabria, southern Italy. Three representative weathering profiles developed on the hilltops indicate that sand represents more than 50% by weight throughout most of the weathering profile, and silt- and clay-size fractions are also well represented, filling the interstices among corestones. Both sand, and finer fractions of grus, and soil horizons, are thought to be derived from a combination of granular disintegration and chemical decomposition, developed on relatively flat terrains of the Sila massif. These slopes are now experiencing transport-limited morphodynamics, under a montane-modified Mediterranean climate. The depth of the weathered layers, that have suffered little erosional truncation, typically exceed 15 m, and may reach 50–60 m or more. Major isolated or grouped exfoliation boulders are the most common minor landform feature developed on the Sila massif granite. Boulders have developed as a result of spheroidal weathering and by removal of the sandy-textured granite. The Schmidt hammer (SH) test on boulders and corestones, suggests three distinctive degree of weathering (from moderately to completely weathered rock), and that biotite content is the major controlling factor of the granite mechanical behaviour. Understanding of the dynamics of this weathering system is crucial to the interpretation of the complex suite of variables that control landscape evolution of granitoid terrains.     

洛阳龙门石窟围岩风化特征研究

对洛阳龙门石窟围岩风化特征及风化作用影响因素进行调查研究,指出目前围岩风化作用主要为生物风化和物理风化作用,并进一步对其风化机理进行了探讨。以往研究结果认为风化作用主要类型为物理风化作用,本文研究表明,目前由于西山山顶植被的不断发育,随着植被根须机械破坏作用及植被腐殖质分解的产物引起岩体解离的生物化学破坏作用日益加剧,生物风化作用亦已成为风化破坏主要影响因素,应引起有关部门注意。     

藏南羊卓雍错流域水化学主离子特征及其控制因素

水化学主离子特征是流域湖泊的一个重要特征,对气候以及河流所经地区的环境具有指示作用.本文对藏南羊卓雍错流域水化学主离子组成特征及其控制因素进行分析,结果显示流域内不同水体(湖水、河水、地下水)之间的主离子组成以及水化学类型差异显著.其中,羊卓雍错的水化学类型为SO24--HCO3--Mg2+-Na+,巴纠错为SO24--Mg2+-Na+,沉错为SO24--Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+,普莫雍错为HCO3--SO24--Mg2+-Ca2+,空姆错为HCO3--SO24--Ca2+;流域河水中主要阴离子为HCO3-和SO24-,Ca2+为绝对优势阳离子;流域地下水化学类型则为HCO3--Ca2+.究其原因,流域水体化学组成主要受岩石风化作用控制;除此,羊卓雍错、巴纠错和沉错水化学组成亦受自身蒸发-结晶作用的影响.就入湖河水而言,羊卓雍错入湖河水整体受碳酸盐岩石风化的影响较大,蒸发岩溶解的影响次之;沉错和空姆错入湖河流(卡鲁雄曲)的蒸发岩来源则略大于碳酸盐岩来源;而硅酸盐对流域内河水的水化学性质影响较小.与入湖河水相比,羊卓雍错和沉错湖水的Mg2+、Na+和SO24-含量较高,而Ca2+和HCO3-含量较低.这应该与湖水蒸发强烈使得湖水中Ca2+和HCO3-析出并沉积到湖底有关.而空姆错由于湖泊面积小、入湖河水流量大,致使其湖水与入湖河水的主离子组成差异不显著.     

A multi‐method investigation of temperature,moisture and salt dynamics in tafoni (Tafraoute,Morocco)

Despite numerous investigations and theoretical models, tafoni weathering is still not fully understood largely because of limited data available on temperature, moisture and salt regimes. We investigated tafoni developed in granite in the Tafraoute region, Morocco, through an exploratory, two‐week multi‐method field campaign. Temperatures were measured with iButtons and by means of infrared thermography; moisture distribution and progress were captured with handheld moisture sensors and with drilled‐in iButtons. Salts were analysed in drill dust samples from different positions and rock depths. The results derived from very different techniques mutually support one another. Salts and moisture are concentrated near the base of the investigated tafoni, probably due to a saturated pore water body around the base of rock tors. Salts are accumulated close to the rock surface in tafoni, but not on the surrounding rock surfaces. A clear correlation was found between moisture and salt contents. Within a tafone, areas of higher humidity also display increased salt concentration near the surface. The temperature/humidity records allied with ionic analyses suggest that sodium sulfate dominates and is likely to undergo frequent phase changes from thenardite to mirabilite and vice versa. Two pathways of salt transport in and around tafoni are assumed based on the data: infiltration with rainfall on the top and around tors and boulders, and capillary rise from saturated pore water bodies to the surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.