花岗岩中黑云母风化的矿物变化机制

对采自广东阳江花岗岩风化剖面的黑云母及其风化产物进行了Ｘ射线衍射,扫描电子显微镜及能谱,高分辨率透射电子显微镜等分析,并探讨了黑云母风化过程中成分的变化及矿物的转化机制。研究结果表明：阳江地区花岗岩中黑云母的风化系列为黑云母→蛭石,绿泥石→伊利石／绿泥石,高岭石,黑云母风化初期的蛭石和绿泥石是独立的矿物相,而不是通常认为的水黑云母,而混层矿物伊利石／绿泥石的出现则表明了以黑云母风化程度为指标的深度     

西藏纳木错东部湖水及入湖河流水化学特征初步研究

对西藏纳木错东部湖区中不同点位的湖水和周边不同位置的入湖河流进行取样,水化学分析结果表明:在主要阴阳离子组成中,Na+和Ca2+分别是湖水和河水的主要阳离子,分别占其阳离子总量的72.4%和71.9%.而湖水和河水的主要阴离子都是Hco3-,分别占其阴离子总量的71.9%和91.2%.从水化学的控制影响因素来看,纳木错湖水主要受蒸发-结晶作用控制,而河水则主要受岩石风化作用影响,其中碳酸盐和硅酸盐的风化影响最为重要,其次是部分蒸发岩的溶解,而区域内湖水蒸发与大气海盐传输也有一定的贡献.     

Deliniation of Weathering in the Çatalca Granite Quarry with the Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method

Faulting and weathering can endanger quarry operations by decreasing the total reserve, quarry’s useful life and production value. We investigated weathering and faulting problems in the Çatalca granite quarry at Istanbul in Turkey, using the Very Low Frequency (VLF) method. VLF method is an electromagnetic method which is very successful in locating vertical discontinuities such as faults and fracture zones. This method measures the apparent resistivity of the rocks in the region, besides the electromagnetic parameters such as tilt angle and ellipcity. Apparent resistivity is a very sensitive parameter to water presence inside the pores and fractures of the rocks. This feature enables the VLF method to map the boundaries between the fresh and cracked granite and altered zones in the quarry. In this work we mapped the faults and weathered zones within the granite in Çatalca quarry and found a high resistivity zone at the central part of the survey area which may be suitable for production. This study also shows the efficiency of the VLF method in understanding the structural and textural features of a quarry and estimating zones with high quality rocks for production planning.     

福建长乐屏山风化坑与河流壶穴的成因及其证据

风化坑和壶穴是一种常见的岩石坑穴地形,其形成原因和形态完全不同,但容易被误解和混淆.结合对福建长乐三溪河地区这两种坑穴地形的实地考察,本文从地貌学,沉积学,岩石化学和矿物学等各个方面对两者的形成过程、影响因素进行了论证和对比.研究表明：风化坑形成于岩石面积水的风化作用,壶穴则是由河流的旋转水流对河床产生的侵蚀作用形成;山顶风化坑的发育与河流流水作用没有关系,河流壶穴的形成与河谷的发育过程有关,河谷中的风化坑只能在河流深切后,流水不再作用到的河床部位发育;只要条件合适,风化坑或壶穴随时可以生成;风化坑与河流壶穴的形态,坑内沉积物的磨圆度、粒度特征等反映出各自不同的形成过程.风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石的化学蚀变指数CIA 值的差异反映了风化坑的化学风化成因;风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石石英长石比例的差异说明风化坑是矿物差异风化的结果;用CIA 值和英长比均无法区分河流壶穴和风化坑中的碎屑颗粒,但两者化学元素迁移特征的差别反映了风化坑的风化作用和河流壶穴的流水搬运作用的成因差别;风化坑的风化程度达不到当地风化壳的风化程度,但不同气候带风化坑碎屑的CIA 值能反映不同气候带风化作用的强度差异.     

基于Hoek-Brown准则确定核电工程场地岩体力学参数

岩体与岩石的力学强度之间既有内在联系又存在明显的差异,场地岩石力学指标对于评价场地岩体的力学特性至关重要。以三门核电场地为研究对象,在室内岩石力学试验的基础上,结合野外地质调查,综合考虑岩体结构特征和应力分布状态等因素的影响,引入定量描述岩体结构特征和风化程度的地质强度指标（GSI）,采用Hoek Brown强度准则估计岩体力学参数,同时与岩体地质力学分类法（RMR）计算得到的岩体力学参数进行对比分析。基于GSI的Hoek-Brown法得到的中等风化凝灰质砂岩、微风化凝灰质砂岩和微风化安山玄武岩岩体的c值分别为4.03、6.20、6.10 MPa,φ值分别为31.96°、34.37°和33.87°。基于RMR评分的Hoek-Brown法得到的c值分别为4.42、6.44、7.24 MPa,φ值分别为28.92°、32.43°和34.51°。研究结果表明,采用Hoek-Brown准则确定的核电场地岩体力学强度指标比较合理,得到的岩体力学指标可以作为核电站基础设计的重要依据。     

Structure of weathered clastic crust and its petroleum potential

Weathered clastic crust can be subdivided into weathered clay and leached zone in terms of variable weathering of different minerals and mobility of weathered products.On the basis of clastic outcrops and well cores in the Junggar Basin,the dark red Fe-rich weathered clay is formed in an arid environment,whereas the light blue Al-rich weathered clay under humid conditions.According to the geochemical analysis,a new weathering index for weathered clastic crust is built mainly on Fe and Al contents,accurately indicating the weathered clay,sandy leached zone,and muddy leached zone in the Junggar Basin.The breaking pressure of weathered clay is rather large,the same as that of normal muddy cap,effectively to seal oil or gas.The porosity of underlying leached zone is greatly enhanced by weathering and leaching,but its permeability is a function of clay mineral content,i.e.,the higher the clay content,the worse the permeability.Weathered crust provides effective sealing conditions for both top and bottom layers of a petroleum reservoir,and is important in the clastic hydrocarbon exploration.     

Flume tank studies to elucidate the fate and behavior of diluted bitumen spilled at sea

An economical alternative to conventional crudes, Canadian bitumen, harvested as a semi-liquid, is diluted with condensate to make it viable to transport by pipeline to coastal areas where it would be shipped by tankers to global markets. Not much is known about the fate of diluted bitumen (dilbit) when spilled at sea. For this purpose, we conducted dilbit (Access Western Blend; AWB and Cold Lake Blend; CLB) weathering studies for 13 days in a flume tank containing seawater. After six days of weathering, droplets detached from the AWB slick and were dense enough to sink in seawater. The density of CLB also increased, but at a slower rate compared to AWB, which was attributed to the high concentration of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in it, which are more resistant to weathering. An empirical, Monod-type model was introduced and was found to closely simulate the increase in oil density with time. Such a model could be used within oil spill models.     

WEATHERING BY WETTING AND DRYING: SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A series of experiments on sandstone and dolerite was undertaken in an attempt to better understand the wetting and drying weathering process. As rock samples are frequently subjected to wet–dry cycles within the simulation of other weathering mechanisms (e.g. freeze–thaw), three common methods of moisture application were used and the influences of these evaluated. It was found that the method of moisture application could affect the nature of the weathering products resulting from wetting and drying. It was also observed that there were changes in the internal properties of the rock (e.g. porosity/microporosity) and that these could influence the synergistic operation of other weathering processes. Although not all of the observations could be explained, it is apparent that wetting and drying has both a direct and an indirect effect on the weathering of rock that has not been taken into account in simulations. Greater cognizance needs to be given to the role of this process both in the field and in laboratory simulations.     

FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON PHYSICAL WEATHERING AND WIND EROSION IN AN ANTARCTIC COLD DESERT

Field experiments were carried out over a five year period with the aim of understanding contemporary weathering and erosional environments in the Sør Rondane Mountains, an Antarctic cold desert region. These include observations of (1) scaling from rockwalls, (2) disintegration of tuff blocks with or without saline solutions, and (3) abrasion of artificial walls by wind. Monitoring was also made of rock surface temperature and wind speed. Despite frequent temperature oscillations across 0°C, rock scaling due to frost action was generally very slow because of low moisture content in the rockwalls. Exposure to the cold, dry climate led to the rapid disintegration of porous tuff blocks including soluble salts like halite and thenardite. This indicates that rates of weathering are increased greatly with the accumulation of such salts in the bedrock. Although gypsum did not cause any visible damage over four years, its widespread occurrence in heavily damaged rocks demonstrates that increasing gypsum contents may also intensify rock breakdown. The snow-laden katabatic wind resulted in rapid wearing of the windward face of an asbestos board with the peak erosion at 30–40 cm above the ground. Nonetheless, the landforms expected from the unidirectional wind characteristics are by no means common features because of lack of abrasive materials, such as snow and sand particles. These experiments suggest that frost weathering and wind erosion are only locally effective where plenty of moisture or an abrasive material is available, whilst salt weathering and removal of the waste by wind play a major role in constructing erosional landforms over the mountains.     

ROCK SURFACE ROUGHNESS AS AN INDICATOR OF DEGREE OF ROCK SURFACE WEATHERING

Rock surface weathering often leads to increased rock surface roughness, but roughness has proved difficult to quantify. Several instruments are available for micro-mapping and recording rock surface profiles, but the most appropriate for most purposes is the simple profile gauge. Short profiles can be recorded quickly and accurately. A range of roughness indices has been proposed in other areas of geomorphology and their efficacy as measures of roughness at scales of interest in studies of weathering is assessed. Some are too complex or labour-intensive and others are too sensitive to the scale of roughness to provide reliable measures of magnitude. The most appropriate indicator of both the scale and magnitude of roughness is the standard deviation of the differences between height values at a range of set horizontal intervals along a profile (the ‘deviogram’). Varying the measurement interval records roughness at different scales. A regression approach (root-mean-square roughness) provides a reliable measure of the magnitude of roughness at the maximum scale present. Three case studies confirm the efficacy of these approaches to studies of weathering of different rocks in different environments. Software is supplied which automates the calculation of roughness indices from gauge profiles.