半干旱岩溶区油松林显著促进碳酸盐岩溶蚀

植被覆盖通过促进碳酸盐岩风化吸收大气CO2, 在实现碳中和中具有重要作用, 但不同植被类型的影响强度仍不清楚。为揭示半干旱区植被类型对碳酸盐岩风化的影响规律, 以一个典型岩溶小流域为研究区, 通过系统的植被调查和野外溶蚀试片试验, 详细对比了不同植物群系的碳酸盐岩溶蚀率及其影响因素, 并探讨了不同分类层次植被的溶蚀率的差异。结果表明, 半干旱岩溶区碳酸盐岩溶蚀率在植被型组层次为森林>草地>灌丛, 在演替的早期减弱、后期促进溶蚀; 群系层次的对比发现油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林内碳酸盐岩溶蚀率最高, 是其它群系的5倍至近30倍; 不同群系对溶蚀率的影响强度的大小得以明确; 溶蚀率与土壤CO2浓度(pCO2)、土壤温度和土壤含水量任何单一因素无相关性, 而与三者匹配性有较好的对应关系, 与湿润区明显不同; 植被演替通过增强对溶蚀环境因子匹配性的调控能力, 促进碳酸盐岩的溶蚀。半干旱区油松林显著促进碳酸盐岩溶蚀, 进行群系层次的广泛对比研究可以更好揭示植被类型与碳酸盐岩溶蚀之间的关系, 为提高岩溶生态系统恢复的碳汇量提供有效指导。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶作用与储层分布

在塔里木盆地奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩中识别出同生岩溶、风化壳岩溶、埋藏岩溶三种不同类型的古岩溶作用,综合分析认为它们是控制奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层形成的关键要素。同生期大气淡水选择性溶蚀颗粒碳酸盐岩所形成的粒内溶孔、铸模孔和粒间溶孔等,为储层提供了基质孔隙,储层分布受大气成岩透镜体控制,通常呈透镜体沿台地边缘高能相带断续分布。与风化壳岩溶作用有关的碳酸盐岩储层在区域上主要展布于奥陶系碳酸盐岩裸露的古潜山分布范围内,垂向上则局限于奥陶系碳酸盐岩侵蚀不整合面以下200 m深度范围内。根据风化壳岩溶的垂向与横向发育特征,指出其储层垂向上主要分布于地表岩溶带的覆盖角砾岩、垂直渗流岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带内,平面上主要发育于岩溶高地边缘、岩溶斜坡区、岩溶谷地上游区、岩溶残丘等古地貌单元。埋藏岩溶作用常与有机质热演化过程中伴生的有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐矿物有关,往往沿原有的孔缝系统进行,具有期次多、规模不等的特点,是碳酸盐岩储层优化改造的关键因素之一。     

地质历史时期海洋Li同位素演变

Li是一种碱金属元素,由于它不受氧化还原和生物效应的影响,因此在追踪地球元素循环方面非常有利。并且Li在海洋中的留存时间远大于海水混合时间,因此海洋中的Li具有相对均一的组成,从而能够代表对应地质历史时期整体海洋情况。近年来海洋Li同位素被应用在示踪大陆风化模式领域,并取得了很多成果。笔者等在系统总结全球海洋Li循环作用和表生地质作用的Li同位素分馏机制的基础上,通过收集并整理、估算了不同时期海洋Li同位素组成,对地质历史时期海洋Li同位素组成变化与改变大陆风化模式相关的地质事件进行分析,再结合同时期碳酸盐岩C、Sr同位素数据进行对比分析,探讨Li、C、Sr同位素演化与地质事件之间的关系。最后,讨论了目前海洋Li同位素组成方面研究的不足,为后续利用海洋Li同位素记录示踪大陆风化模式的应用提供了参考。     

大别造山带石关地区变质岩风化壳中REY富集和分异研究

最新的找矿勘查在大别造山带变质岩风化壳中发现稀土元素（REY、REEs+Y）的富集,为揭示高纬度地区变质岩风化壳中REY风化富集规律提供了契机。本文以大别山地区石关变质岩风化壳剖面作为研究对象,通过岩相学、地球化学、XRD、V-SWIR、顺序提取实验等分析,探讨原生矿物-次生矿物转变、REY来源、迁移富集规律及分异机制。研究认为：石关风化壳的基岩为石英二长片麻岩,稀土元素总量（∑REY）范围为280×10-6~310×10-6,呈LREE相对富集的右倾式稀土配分型式,角闪石（∑REY=722×10-6~795×10-6）和榍石（∑REY=12635×10-6~13351×10-6）是基岩中主要的REY载体,也是风化壳内REY的主要来源,风化壳整体的稀土元素配分继承于基岩。风化壳剖面由下至上REY含量逐渐增高（∑REY=469×10-6~535×10-6）,对应的矿物组成上长石类矿物减少、石英和次生矿物（黏土矿物、铁锰氧化物等）增多,其中黏土矿物中伊利石含量逐渐减少,绿泥石、高岭石含量逐渐增多。顺序提取实验表明残余态是风化壳中REY的主要赋存状态（占比69％~88％）,越靠近风化壳上部,可被提取出的、活化的REY占比越高,活化的REY以离子交换、铁锰氧化物结合和有机质结合等方式被固定在风化壳中。(La/Yb)N指示离子吸附态、有机质结合态和铁锰氧化物态均显示HREY相对富集的稀土分异趋势。     

风化壳型矿床划分地质块段的数理统计与图解分析——以云南省武定县梅子箐钛铁砂矿V1号矿体南矿段为例

风化壳型矿床的资源储量,大多采用水平投影地质块段法进行估算,目前划分地质块段的原则与方法尚不统一。以云南省武定县梅子箐风化壳型钛铁砂矿V₁号矿体由78个钻孔控制的南矿段为研究实例,对划分地质块段的主要参数——矿体铅直厚度(m)、钛铁矿含量(kg/m³)、金红石含量(kg/m³)进行数理统计与图解分析,提出划分地质块段的方法。具体方法是：(1)以勘查网中地理位置相邻的3个或4个探矿工程围成的区域,作为划分地质块段的基本区块;(2)对单工程、基本区块的主要参数进行统计与计算,对基本区块的主要参数、关键参数进行图解分析;(3)将地理位置相邻、关键参数类型相同的基本区块进行归并,得出合理的地质块段划分方案。该方法能够合理地控制地质块段数量,优化地质块段划分方案,科学合理、简单易行,可在风化壳型钛铁砂矿和其他风化壳型矿床中推广使用。     

坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床综合找矿模型

恩泽加绿岩带是坦桑尼亚重要的成矿带之一,产出了高登普莱德(Golden Pride)等多个大型金矿。通过对坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带已发现的隐伏金矿床进行分析研究,结果显示恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床构造控矿作用明显;高精度磁法和激电中梯测量结果显示含矿构造蚀变带具有高磁、低阻、相对高极化的特征;土壤地球化学测量结果显示成矿元素Au异常在空间分布上大于相应的含矿构造蚀变带的分布范围,其浓集方向与含矿构造蚀变带展布一致,并与指示元素As、Sb的套合性较好。根据该区域隐伏金矿床的地质、地球物理及地球化学特征,对该区隐伏金矿床的找矿标志进行了总结,明确了各找矿标志与隐伏金矿床之间的关系,并在此基础上构建了恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床的综合找矿模型,该模型的应用显示了多种技术手段联合实施在寻找绿岩带型隐伏金矿床的有效性。     

物源—河流过程—化学风化对松花江水系沉积物重矿物组成的影响

松花江水系作为我国七大水系之一,对其沉积物组成的深入探究对揭示源区控制因素和沉积物的搬运—沉积过程具有重要意义。重矿物蕴含着源岩母岩的重要信息,是解开由源到汇过程和物源示踪的重要工具。为了评估物源、河流过程和化学风化对重矿物组成的影响,我们从松花江水系干流和支流的边滩以及阶地共取32个样品,进行分粒级(<63μm、63~125μm和125~250μm)的重矿物分析。结果表明,松花江水系源区母岩信息在嫩江各支流(诺敏河最为典型)的重矿物组成中得到很好的反映,但在嫩江干流中没有得到反映,这表明物源对重矿物组成的控制受到河流过程的影响。松花江水系的重矿物组成以角闪石、绿帘石、钛铁矿和榍石为主。河流沉积物的重矿物组成主要富集在63~125μm组分,同一河流的不同河段的重矿物组成存在显著差异(巴兰河尤为典型),表明了河流搬运—沉积过程对重矿物组成起到重要控制。哈尔滨松花江T2阶地沉积物(弱风化)的重矿物组成基本保留了现代河流砂特征,讷谟尔河T1阶地沉积物(中等风化)的重矿物受到一定程度的改造,而受到严重化学风化影响的通河松花江T3阶地的重矿物组成已遭受严重破坏,不稳定矿物(角闪石和辉石)以及蕴含的母岩信息已完全消失,表明了重矿物组成明显受到沉积物化学风化程度的影响。由于源—汇过程中重矿物的混合和由此导致的稀释作用,使得沉积物携带的物源信息经过长距离搬运之后逐渐变得模糊。因此,我们认为,在进行河流重矿物源—汇过程研究中,宽粒度分析窗口和足够多的样品数量需要考虑以充分获取源区完整的重矿物组成信息。同时,在利用河流阶地重矿物组成进行源—汇联系和古水系演化研究时,需要首先评估阶地沉积物的化学风化程度。     

Crystallization behavior of NaNO3–Na2SO4 salt mixtures in sandstone and comparison to single salt behavior

We report on the crystallization behavior and the salt weathering potential in natural rock and porous stone of single salts (NaNO₃, Na₂SO₄) and salt mixtures in the ternary NaNO₃–Na₂SO₄–H₂O system. Geochemical modeling of the phase diagram of the ternary NaNO₃–Na₂SO₄–H₂O system was used to determine the equilibrium pathways during wetting (or deliquescence) of incongruently soluble minerals and evaporation of mixed electrolyte solutions. Experiments were carried out in order to study the phase changes during dissolution either induced by deliquescence or by the addition of liquid water. In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to study the phase transformations during wetting of pure Na₂SO₄ (thenardite) and of Na₃NO₃SO₄·H₂O (darapskite). In both experiments crystallization of Na₂SO₄·10H₂O (mirabilite) from highly supersaturated solutions is demonstrated confirming the high salt weathering potential of thenardite and darapskite wetting. In order to study the damage potential of darapskite experimentally, wetting–drying experiments with porous sandstone with the two single salts (Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃) and two NaNO₃–Na₂SO₄ salt mixtures were carried out. Different destructive and non-destructive techniques were tested for damage monitoring. NaNO₃ was found to be the least damaging salt and Na₂SO₄ is the most damaging one. The classification of the two salt mixtures was less obvious.     

Topographic controls on the depth distribution of soil CO2 in a small temperate watershed

Accurate measurements of soil CO₂ concentrations (pCO₂) are important for understanding carbonic acid reaction pathways for continental weathering and the global carbon (C) cycle. While there have been many studies of soil pCO₂, most sample or model only one, or at most a few, landscape positions and therefore do not account for complex topography. Here, we test the hypothesis that soil pCO₂ distribution can predictably vary with topographic position. We measured soil pCO₂ at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO), Pennsylvania, where controls on soil pCO₂ (e.g., depth, texture, porosity, and moisture) vary from ridge tops down to the valley floor, between planar slopes and slopes with convergent flow (i.e., swales), and between north and south-facing aspects. We quantified pCO₂ generally at 0.1–0.2 m depth intervals down to bedrock from 2008 to 2010 and in 2013. Of the variables tested, topographic position along catenas was the best predictor of soil pCO₂ because it controls soil depth, texture, porosity, and moisture, which govern soil CO₂ diffusive fluxes. The highest pCO₂ values were observed in the valley floor and swales where soils are deep (≥0.7 m) and wet, resulting in low CO₂ diffusion through soil profiles. In contrast, the ridge top and planar slope soils have lower pCO₂ because they are shallower (≤0.6 m) and drier, resulting in high CO₂ diffusion through soil profiles. Aspect was a minor predictor of soil pCO₂: the north (i.e., south-facing) swale generally had lower soil moisture content and pCO₂ than its south (i.e., north-facing) counterpart. Seasonally, we observed that while the timing of peak soil pCO₂ was similar across the watershed, the amplitude of the pCO₂ peak was higher in the deep soils due to more variable moisture content. The high pCO₂ observed in the deeper, wetter topographic positions could lower soil porewater pH by up to 1 pH unit compared to porewaters equilibrated with atmospheric CO₂ alone. CO₂ is generally the dominant acid driving weathering in soils: based on our observations, models of chemical weathering and CO₂ dynamics would be improved by including landscape controls on soil pCO₂.