胜坨地区沙河街组沙四上亚段砂砾岩体沉积相与油气分布

摘 要 胜坨地区沙四上亚段发育了以砂砾岩扇体为主的沉积体系,在深水区存在各种浊积砂砾岩体。本文在岩心观察和描述的基础上,结合测井等资料,对胜坨地区沙四上亚段砂砾岩体的沉积特征进行了研究,并分析了其油气分布特征。结果表明胜坨地区沙四上亚段在同生断层的下降盘主要发育水进型扇三角洲沉积体系,同时还广泛发育了重力流水道和滑塌浊积扇等浊积砂砾岩体。该区各类砂砾岩油藏在平面上由洼陷中心向边缘相带依次分布岩性油气藏—构造油气藏—地层油气藏,油气分布明显受沉积相控制,不同的相带储层物性差异明显。扇三角洲扇中部位储集物性较好,为油气聚集有利相带;滑塌浊积扇和重力流水道等浊积岩体次之;扇三角洲扇根、扇端则因储集物性较差,含油气性较差。此外,继承性深洼陷与岩性的分区性对油气分布有较大的影响。     

厚松散层下风氧化带内煤层安全开采关键技术的研究

根据百善煤矿开采试验工作面的大量现场观测资料，①底含水层的水文地质条件及其渗透稳定性，②煤层开采以后覆岩变形破坏移动规律，③控制软弱顶板尤其是存在弱面的顶板控制技术。对两淮煤田浅部煤层的安全开采具有参考价值。     

Space weathering processes on airless bodies: Fe isotope fractionation in the lunar regolith

Nanophase Fe metal grains (np-Fe°) are a product of space weathering, formed by processes related to meteorite impacts, and solar-wind sputtering on airless planetary bodies, such as the Moon. Iron isotopes of lunar soils are fractionated during these processes, and the np-Fe° in the finest (<10 μm), mature, size fractions of the soil become enriched in heavier isotopes by ∼0.3‰ in ⁵⁶Fe/⁵⁴Fe in comparison to the bulk rocks (0.03±0.05‰), from which the soil was formed. A positive correlation of δ⁵⁶Fe values with the soil maturity index, I_S/FeO, suggests that the high δ⁵⁶Fe values reflect production of nanophase Fe metal that is produced by space weathering that occurs on airless planetary bodies. Furthermore, the enrichment of δ⁵⁶Fe in the smallest size fraction of lunar soils supports a model for creation of np-Fe° through vapor deposition induced by micrometeorites, as well as that by solar-wind sputtering.     

Anisotropie verticale de la perméabilité de l'horizon fissuré des aquifères de socle : concordance avec la structure géologique des profils d'altération

Pumping tests carried out in the fissured layer of a granitic hard-rock aquifer, interpreted at the observation wells by means of the analytical solution of Neuman and at the pumping wells with that of Gringarten show the existence of a strong vertical anisotropy of this layer of the aquifer; the horizontal permeability is clearly and systematically higher than the vertical one. These results agree perfectly with the geological observations, the fissured layer of the weathered granite profile showing the existence of many sub-horizontal fissures. It confirms that, within the fissured layer, the permeability of sub-horizontal fissures due to the weathering process dominates over that of sub-vertical fissures of tectonic origin. To cite this article: J.-C. Maréchal et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).To cite this article: J.-C. Maréchal et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

Origin of honeycombs and related weathering forms in Oligocene Macigno Sandstone,Tuscan coast near Livorno,Italy

Two types of cavernous‐weathering features are exposed in the Oligocene Macigno Sandstone along 5 km of the Tuscan coast south of Livorno, Italy. Honeycomb cells (type 1 features) are typical closely spaced, more or less circular pits of centimetre scale that have been eroded 2 to 6 cm below the general surface of bedding planes or joints. ‘Aberrant honeycomb’ cells (type 2 features) are highly elongate, polygonal, or irregular ?at depressions of decimetre scale surrounded by walls rarely higher than 2 cm, some of which pass into long, free‐standing walls or tendrils. Thus, not all type 2 ‘honeycomb’ cells are fully enclosed. We measured the geometry of 551 honeycomb cells and examined various rock properties (microscopic texture and fabric, mineralogy, porosity, permeability, and chemical composition) to isolate factors that control the size, shape, distribution, and pattern of the honeycombs. Our goal was to narrow potential origins of the features and to understand their formation. The ubiquitous occurrence of sea salt in the honeycombs and scanning electron microscope evidence of physical weathering of silicates, especially micas, favours an origin for the honeycombs chie?y by salt weathering. Honeycombs do not form in siltstone, iron‐oxide‐impregnated sandstone, calcite‐cemented concretions, or in case‐hardened joints. Thus, salt weathering of type 1 and 2 honeycombs is not effective in very low permeability rocks. We propose for type 1 honeycombs that seawater is drawn into micropores of the sandstone and evolves into self‐organized diffusion cells (Turing patterns). Selective evaporation at the stationary nodes of diffusion cells, which form at the same site over time, leads to the precipitation of salt, then grains spall off, and pits are formed. The deepest pits (>40 mm) formed where Turing patterns consistently formed at the same sites. Although the walls are more porous and weathered than the host sandstone, they become selectively case hardened by an unidenti?ed component of low abundance. Initial honeycomb cell shape and gravity locally in?uenced type 1 honeycomb shapes. We suggest that type 2 honeycombs develop where diffusion‐controlled Turing patterns lead to case‐hardening along linear trends; gravity and rock fabric are important locally in in?uencing the orientation of the walls. Only type 2 cells are forming today, suggesting recent environmental changes. Gravity is not a fundamental control on honeycomb shape; in places it is a contributing factor. Pre‐existing depressions (quarry tool marks) have strongly in?uenced honeycomb shape locally. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seasonal patterns of runoff and erosion responses to simulated rainfall in a badland area in Mediterranean mountain conditions (Vallcebre,southeastern Pyrenees)

Regolith surface characteristics and response were examined over a three‐year period in a badland area in a Mediterranean middle‐mountain zone near Vallcebre (Eastern Pyrenees). Preliminary work carried out in this area indicated clear seasonal patterns of regolith properties driven by frost heaving in winter and crusting and erosion in the rest of the year. Rainfall simulations were performed with a small portable nozzle simulator in order to study seasonal changes in runoff generation, erosion rates and raindrop effect on bulk density changes. The results showed large seasonal variations in runoff and erosion responses. In?ltration rates after runoff start were correlated with precipitation depth before runoff start; runoff generation was therefore related to regolith saturation only to a very limited extent. Erosion rates were more controlled by runoff rates than by the weakness of regolith against raindrop splash, and sediment grain size increased with concentration. The combined role of antecedent regolith moisture and bulk density explained most of the seasonal variability in in?ltration, bulk density changes during rainfall and erosion rates, but some seasonal differences in sediment detachability were not explained by these variables and may be attributed to changes in roughness. Overall, runoff and erosion responses were relatively stable during spring and autumn, whereas wide variations in in?ltration rates and sediment detachment occurred in winter and summer respectively. Experiments conducted in a single season would have produced poorly representative, if not erroneous, results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Short‐term microscale topographic changes of coastal bedrock on shore platforms

We report a series of short‐term (diurnal) rock surface monitoring studies on inter‐ and supra‐tidal shore platforms using a traversing micro‐erosion meter at two sites, Kaikoura Peninsula, New Zealand, and Apollo Bay, Victoria, Australia. Statistically signi?cant day‐to‐day changes were measured. Surface rise and lowering occurred at rates above instrument error, with a maximum range of 3·378 mm between 1·697 mm (lowering) and ‐1·681 mm (rise). Individual measurements showed rises greater than 2 mm. These daily variations reveal that surface lowering and rise occur at a much shorter time scale than previously reported from other studies. The patterns observed suggest wetting and drying is the most likely process causing surface changes at these temporal scales. We argue that traversing micro‐erosion meter studies operating at a short‐term time scale of day‐to‐day provide meaningful results that open new opportunities for studying rock weathering and erosion in a coastal environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地加里东期不整合面类型及分布特征*

加里东期不整合面是早古生代华北板块内一个重要的盆地性质转换界面。鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳岩溶型油气藏和二叠系本溪组、太原组铝土质泥岩气藏的发现,促进了地质学家对该地区古生代加里东运动性质的探讨。基于大量的野外露头、钻井和地震资料,对加里东运动形成的不整合面的识别标志、不整合类型及其空间分布、不整合结构和时间变量进行深入解析。研究表明: (1)加里东运动后,鄂尔多斯盆地的古地貌形态大致可分为鄂托克旗—定边一带的高地貌区、神木—靖边—富县以及吴忠地貌过渡区、中东部地势低缓东倾区; (2)奥陶系顶部不整合面相邻地层呈角度各异的接触关系,具有“削截(下)—整一(上)”、“削截(下)—超覆(上)”的结构,整体表现为盆地边缘为具削截和褶皱的高角度不整合、盆缘向盆内过渡地区的低角度不整合及盆内大范围分布的平行不整合; (3)不整合面也是上、下古生界之间形成的主要风化壳界面,长期的沉积间断和风化剥蚀为该区铝土质泥岩发育奠定了环境背景,而铝土岩不仅可作为下古生界风化壳气藏的理想盖层,同时也是陇东勘探新区天然气大规模聚集成藏的有利场所。     

吉泰盆地石炭系黄龙组黑色碳质泥岩物源、构造背景与古风化作用:来自稳定元素地球化学的证据

吉泰盆地在白垩纪—古近纪时期, 沉积了巨量的富锂钾卤水, 同时富含硼、铷、铯、溴、碘等新兴矿产资源, 综合利用价值高。本文采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析了吉泰盆地石炭系黄龙组黑色碳质泥岩的主、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征。通过对其物源、构造背景及古风化作用的详细分析, 探讨了其对上覆卤水矿层的影响。吉泰盆地M2钻孔底部细碎屑岩具有LREE富集, HREE较平缓的特征, 且均表现明显的Eu负异常, 综合La/Th-Hf和Zr-TiO2图解, 认为其主要来自长英质/基性岩浆岩和古老沉积组分的混合源区, 为卤水形成带来了丰富的深源物质。微量元素和稀土元素的含量和比值(La/Th、Cr/Th、Th/Sc), 反映出被动大陆边缘的构造背景特征。通过计算化学风化指数(CIA、CIW、PIA和ICV)及Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O)-K2O图解, 表明其化学风化程度较高, 有利于元素的迁移和富集, 为卤水矿床的形成提供了丰富的成矿元素。     

漓江流域丰水期外源酸对岩溶化学风化碳汇的影响

于2020年4月对漓江流域主要干/支流进行采样及监测, 结合Gibbs图、离子比值、Galy模型和同位素特征值方法, 分析流域内水化学特征及外源酸对流域岩溶碳汇的影响。结果显示: (1)受碳酸盐岩风化影响所控制, 漓江水体主要水化学类型为HCO3-Ca; [Ca2++Mg2+]/[HCO– 3]的当量比均值为0.87, [Ca2++Mg2+]/ [HCO– 3+SO2– 4+NO– 3]的当量比均值为1.07, 指示碳酸盐岩风化过程受到外源输入的硫酸和硝酸影响; (2)漓江流域最终出口(阳朔断面)的碳汇通量为974.86×103 mol·(km2·a)–1。各支流碳汇量占总出口比例的波动较大, 比例最小为小溶江, 只占总通量1.44%, 而贡献比例最大则为良丰河35.74%, 甘棠江和良丰河贡献比例合计达57.04%。(3)流域内各支流CO2消耗量的占比均值为10.02%, 存在显著的空间变化, 受不同流域的地质分布和流量的影响明显。(4)外源酸风化碳酸盐岩的DIC贡献率介于13%~55%之间, 空间变化上, 大榕江和桃花江的贡献比例较大, 均高于50%, 而外源酸对阳朔断面DIC贡献率低至13%。