大兴安岭北部森林沼泽区1:5万水系沉积物测量方法研究

通过对在大兴安岭北部森林沼泽—冻土景观区的1:5万水系沉积物测量方法技术的研究,发现以水系沉积物中较粗粒级的碎屑(-10～+60目)作为采样介质,可有效地排除有机质的干扰,强化异常;并提出在水系沉积物不甚发育的地区,以水系沉积物为主,辅以网格法土壤测量,则能更有效地提高找矿效果。     

煤矸石堆放对水环境的影响——以山东省一些煤矸石堆为例

采集山东省一些煤矿煤矸石及其堆放区水体的样品进行研究 ,可知煤矸石中硫 (主要赋存在黄铁矿中 )的质量分数为 0 2 8%～ 2 9% ,是重要的水质污染源。大量的Si,Al,Fe ,Ca ,Mg等常量元素及含量较高的As,Pb ,Cr,Mn等微量元素都能对水体产生污染 ;煤矸石堆放区水体的pH值为 4 43～7 93,总硬度高 ,SO2 -4 浓度高 (平均为 12 0 1 0 2mg/L ,最高为 2 6 37 6 9mg/L ,超标 10倍多 ) ,微量有毒、有害组分 (Be ,V ,Mn ,Sr ,Mo ,Ni,F等 )均存在超标或浓度过高现象。对风化的与新鲜的煤矸石分别进行浸泡和淋滤实验发现 :黄铁矿的氧化导致了煤矸石堆放区相邻水体的SO2 -4 ,Fe ,Al的浓度增大 ,黄铁矿氧化生成的酸及其与钙镁盐岩的反应致使pH值变化范围大 ,水体的硬度升高 ;煤矸石风化生成的大量酸使淋滤液pH值降低 ,在酸的作用下水中Ca2 + 和Mg2 + 的浓度增大并维持在一定的水平 ,风化使煤矸石中的黄铁矿发生氧化并以可溶性Fe和硫酸盐形式迁移至淋滤液中 ,煤矸石中赋含的多种多环芳烃能迁移到附近的水体中 ,对环境造成大量的有机物污染 ,这一污染应引起有关方面的高度重视。     

基岩风化带的工程地质特性与缩小防护煤柱机理研究

以大量实验数据和现场测试资料为依据，研究了隐伏煤田基岩风化带岩体的分布特点及工程地质特性，重点论述了邻近风化带开采的覆岩破坏和矿山压力显现规律以及缩小防护煤柱的机理，为类似矿井的资源回收与安全开采提供了依据。     

Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock

Width and temperature of rock joints were automatically monitored in the Japanese Alps. Three years of monitoring on a sandstone rock face shows two seasonal peaks of joint widening in autumn and spring. The autumn events are associated with short‐term freeze–thaw cycles, and the magnitude of widening reflects the freezing intensity and water availability. The short‐term freezing can produce wedging to a depth of at least 20 cm. The spring events follow a rise in the rock surface temperature to 0 °C beneath the seasonal snowcover, and likely originate from refreezing of meltwater entering the joint. Some of these events contribute to permanent enlargement of the joint. Two other joints on nearby rock faces experience only sporadic widening accompanying freeze–thaw cycles and insignificant permanent enlargement. Observations indicate that no single thermal criterion can explain frost weathering. The temperature range at which wedging occurs varies with the bedrock conditions, water availability and duration of freezing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南极长城站区寒冻风化特征

通过对南极长城站区寒冻风化速率的观测和分析，结合气温等因素的变化，讨论了该区寒冻风化与影响因素之间的关系。研究表明，该区夏季风化速率为冬季的36－7．5倍；海拔较高的地方风化速率比海拔低的高1．28－3．35倍；壁朝向东、东南的风化强度比朝向北、北西的大2．6－16倍。低温年份的风化速度仅有高温年份的7．2％－16．6％，与世界其它冰缘区的风化速率对比，本区寒冻风化速率属中等水平。     

Space weathering processes on airless bodies: Fe isotope fractionation in the lunar regolith

Nanophase Fe metal grains (np-Fe°) are a product of space weathering, formed by processes related to meteorite impacts, and solar-wind sputtering on airless planetary bodies, such as the Moon. Iron isotopes of lunar soils are fractionated during these processes, and the np-Fe° in the finest (<10 μm), mature, size fractions of the soil become enriched in heavier isotopes by ∼0.3‰ in ⁵⁶Fe/⁵⁴Fe in comparison to the bulk rocks (0.03±0.05‰), from which the soil was formed. A positive correlation of δ⁵⁶Fe values with the soil maturity index, I_S/FeO, suggests that the high δ⁵⁶Fe values reflect production of nanophase Fe metal that is produced by space weathering that occurs on airless planetary bodies. Furthermore, the enrichment of δ⁵⁶Fe in the smallest size fraction of lunar soils supports a model for creation of np-Fe° through vapor deposition induced by micrometeorites, as well as that by solar-wind sputtering.     

厚松散层下风氧化带内煤层安全开采关键技术的研究

根据百善煤矿开采试验工作面的大量现场观测资料，①底含水层的水文地质条件及其渗透稳定性，②煤层开采以后覆岩变形破坏移动规律，③控制软弱顶板尤其是存在弱面的顶板控制技术。对两淮煤田浅部煤层的安全开采具有参考价值。     

Anisotropie verticale de la perméabilité de l'horizon fissuré des aquifères de socle : concordance avec la structure géologique des profils d'altération

Pumping tests carried out in the fissured layer of a granitic hard-rock aquifer, interpreted at the observation wells by means of the analytical solution of Neuman and at the pumping wells with that of Gringarten show the existence of a strong vertical anisotropy of this layer of the aquifer; the horizontal permeability is clearly and systematically higher than the vertical one. These results agree perfectly with the geological observations, the fissured layer of the weathered granite profile showing the existence of many sub-horizontal fissures. It confirms that, within the fissured layer, the permeability of sub-horizontal fissures due to the weathering process dominates over that of sub-vertical fissures of tectonic origin. To cite this article: J.-C. Maréchal et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).To cite this article: J.-C. Maréchal et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

流域盆地的风化作用与全球气候变化

介绍了岩石风化作用与流域盆地的物质输送对于研究全球海-陆物质循环和全球气候变化的重要意义。讨论了运用河流的颗粒相和溶解相载荷分别去估算机械剥蚀率和化学风化率的科学性及各种计算方法。从全球的观点对岩性、径流、地势、气候、植被以及人为活动 6个因素对于岩石风化作用及河流颗粒相和溶解相物质输送的影响进行了详细的讨论，得到岩性是决定机械剥蚀率和化学风化率的主导因素，径流和地势是影响河流颗粒物输送的重要因素，而径流和气候则对河流溶解离子的输送影响较大，此外植被和人为活动对河流化学及颗粒物输送的影响也越来越受到人们的关注。探讨了岩石化学风化作用消耗的CO₂量及其对全球气候变化的影响，在此基础上，归纳了岩石化学风化作用与气候变化的模式。     

Geoelectromagnetic Exploration For Natural Resources: Models, Case Studies And Challenges

This paper presents a tutorial review of electrical and electromagnetic(herein collectively called geoelectromagnetic) methods as applied in the search for natural resources. First, the paper discusses the technical problems and advances in geoelectromagnetic methods in the last decade. A scheme for integrating electrical and electromagnetic depth sounding data is suggested.Then, for natural resources exploration, it focuses on three themes: (1) understandinggeological models of resource targets, their physical properties, and the development of conceptual geoelectromagnetic exploration models, (2) overview of geoelectromagnetic case studies in resourceexploration, and (3) outstanding challenges in exploration. For brevity, model development is restricted to groundwater, geothermal and hydrocarbon resources, metallic ore-bodies (exemplified byvolcanogenic massive sulphides, porphyry coppers, and epithermal and Archaean greenstone belt gold deposits) and diamonds. In the treatment of resource exploration in this paper, the unifying themeis that geochemical processes of weathering and hydrothermal alteration form clayey products that may render natural resource targets directly or indirectly detectable by their resistivity characteristics.Since hydrated clays are an important feature of most resource types and are major causes of low resistivity anomalies in geoelectromagnetic exploration, they may be taken as providing detectable marker horizons or pathfinders and a basis for developing a consistent investigative approachfor natural resources. However, it is recognised that no single resource model or standard approach may be universally applicable. Natural resource systems are inherently 3D and require large numbers of depth soundings at high station densities to image adequately. Thus, developing methodsof increasing the productivity of data acquisition, the development of better 3D software tools and lowering costs are seen as the major challenges facing the use of geoelectromagnetic methods for naturalresource exploration.