断陷盆地陡坡带砂砾岩扇体地震反射特征--以东营凹陷为例

针对陆相断陷盆地陡坡带发育的砂砾岩扇体油气藏具有成因类型多、形态各异、岩性变化大、地震识别和描述困难的特点,主要从陡坡带砂砾岩扇体的类型和沉积特征研究入手,分析了大量的实际地震资料,总结出了陡坡带冲积扇、近岸水下扇、扇三角洲和近源浊积扇4种类型砂砾岩扇体的地震相特征及地震波传播速度、振幅、频率、相干性等地震属性特征;根据其地震特征建立的地震识别模式在东营凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩扇体的油气藏勘探中取得了良好的应用效果.     

Denudation rates on cratonic landscapes: comparison between suspended and dissolved fluxes,and 10Be analysis in the Nyong and Sanaga River basins,south Cameroon

South Cameroon is located in a tropical and tectonically quiescent region, with landscapes characterized by thick highly weathered regolith, indicative of the long‐term predominance of chemical weathering over erosion. Currently this region undergoes huge changes due to accelerated mutations related to a growing population and economical developments with associated needs and increasing pressures on land and natural resources. We analysed two of the main south Cameroon rivers: the Nyong River and Sanaga River. The Sanaga catchment undergoes a contrasted tropical climate from sub‐humid mountainous and humid climate and is impacted by deforestation, agriculture, damming, mining and urbanization, especially in the Mbam sub‐basin, draining the highly populated volcanic highlands. By contrast, the Nyong catchment, only under humid tropical climate, is preserved from anthropogenic disturbance with low population except in the region of Yaoundé (Méfou sub‐basin). Moreover the Nyong basin is dam‐free and less impacted by agriculture and logging. We explore both denudation temporal variability and the ratio between chemical and physical denudation through two catchment‐averaged erosion and denudation datasets. The first one consists of an 11‐year long gauging dataset, while the second one comes from cosmogenic radionuclides [CRNs, here beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be)] from sand sampled in the river mainstreams (timescale of tens to hundreds of thousands of years). Modern fluxes estimated from gauging data range from 5 to 100 m/Ma (10 to 200 t/km²/yr); our calculations indicate that the usual relative contribution of chemical versus physical denudation is 60% and 40%, respectively, of the total denudation. Beryllium‐10 denudation rates and sediment fluxes range from 4.8 to 40.3 m/Ma or 13 to 109 t/km²/yr, respectively, after correction for quartz enrichment. These fluxes are slightly less than the modern fluxes observed in Cameroon and other stable tropical areas. The highest ¹⁰Be‐derived fluxes and the highest physical versus chemical denudation ratios are attributed to anthropogenic impact. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling ion composition in seepage water from a column experiment with an open cut coal mine sediment

Secondary reactions occurring in pyrite-containing sediments from open cut coal mines are complex and not fully understood. In this study, the changes in seepage water composition in a column experiment with a sediment containing pyrite (5.6 g kg⁻¹) were evaluated using a chemical equilibrium model. A column experiment with artificial irrigation (730 mm water yr⁻¹) was carried out for 2 yr with a sediment from the open pit mine Garzweiler, Germany, at the Institute of Applied Geology. Tracer (LiCl) was added to the sediment. Seepage water composition at 52 cm depth was sampled weekly. Redox potential and the water potential were also recorded weekly. Sulphate and Fe(II) were the dominant ions in the seepage water with concentration maxima of 500 and 350 mmol l⁻¹ after 50 days (0.7 pore volumes (PV)). Minimum pH values were around 0.8 after 100 days (1.4 PV), but increased subsequently and reached 2.4 after 700 days (9.5 PV). Ion activity product calculations indicated the intermediate formation of gypsum (19th–480th day of the experiment). Solutions were undersaturated with respect to alunite, jarosite, jurbanite, schwertmannite, melanterite, gibbsite and goethite during the whole experiment. The model of coupled equilibria which included inorganic complexation, precipitation/dissolution of gypsum and multiple cation exchange was tested. Pyrite oxidation and pH-dependent silicate weathering were considered using simple input functions. Transport was modelled using a field capacity cascade submodel. Model results showed satisfactory agreement with measured values for pH and concentrations of SO₄, Fe, Mg, Ca and Al. Correlation coefficients lay between 0.7 and 0.9 and linear regression coefficients (modelled against measured) were 1.5 (Ca), 1.0 (Fe, SO₄), 0.8 (Mg), 0.7 (pH) and 0.6 (Al). The results showed that the protons produced during pyrite oxidation (94 mmol_c H⁺ kg⁻¹) were mainly released into seepage water (as HSO₄⁻ and H⁺). Cation exchange reactions buffered 20 mmol_c of H⁺ kg⁻¹ sediment, and Al released by silicate weathering accounted for 3.6 mmol_c H⁺ kg⁻¹. Modelling was useful to further understand the significance of different pH buffer reactions.     

Links between bulk sediment particle size and magnetic grain‐size: general observations and implications for Chinese loess studies

Using a combination of particle size analysis, magnetic measurements, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging, this study shows that in a wide range of depositional environments, there is a strong link between particle size classes and magnetic response, especially below the upper limit of stable single domain magnetic behaviour. Ferrimagnetic grain assemblages dominated by stable single domain magnetosomes regularly have peak susceptibility and remanence values in coarser grades than do those containing finer‐grained, viscous and superparamagnetic secondary magnetic minerals formed during pedogenesis. This effect is despite the fact that there is a one to two orders of magnitude size difference between the particle size boundaries (at 1 or 2 μm) and key domain state transitions (mostly below 0·05 μm). The implications of these results are explored using samples spanning 22 Myr of loess accumulation on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results from the loess sections, complemented by data from low‐temperature magnetic experiments, show that there are subtle distinctions in mean ferrimagnetic grain‐size between the Pleistocene and Miocene parts of the record, thus allowing more refined rock magnetic interpretations of the fine‐grained ferrimagnetic mineral assemblages arising from the effects of weathering, pedogenesis and possibly diagenesis in the sections studied.     

Origin of PhosphoriteNodules of Lebedinsky Iron Deposit in Kursk Magnetic Anomaly （KMA） of the Russian Platform

INTRODUCTION TheKurskmagneticanomaly(KMA)coversnear ly120000km2andhasalengthof600kminSE NW direction,withawidthrangingfrom150kmto250 km.TheKMAbasinislimitedbytheDoneskPaleozoic massifinthesouthandthePrecambrianAzovsk podol skupliftinthesouth westanditsnorthernborderis markedbythecrystallinemassifupliftofVaronesh.0 c s TheLebedinskycomplexdepositislocatedinthecentral partoftheRussianplatformbetweenlatitude50°00′and50° 20′north,andlongitude34°00′and39°00′east,inthefron ti…     

新疆伊犁昭苏黄土剖面中的矿物组成及其风化意义

应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术,对处于西风区的新疆伊犁昭苏黄土剖面中的138个全岩样品和9组分粒级样品进行了分析,获得了该剖面的矿物组分、含量及其粒径分布信息.昭苏黄土主要由石英、方解石、绿泥石、斜长石、普通角闪石、钾长石、白云石和白云母组成;方解石在各个粒级组分中分布相对均匀;石英、白云石、斜长石、普通角闪石和钾长石主要赋存于粗颗粒中;绿泥石在细颗粒中的含量明显较高;白云母在16 ～32 μm粒级组分中含量较低,在其它粒级组分中的含量则相对更高.各矿物学指标揭示了昭苏黄土剖面的化学风化程度整体较低且变化幅度不大,但古土壤层的化学风化程度稍强于黄土层;物理风化则经历了由强到弱的两个波动过程.     

钼的地球化学性质与成矿

钼在硅酸盐地球中的丰度很低,作为中度不相容元素,简单的岩浆形成、演化过程很难使之从地壳丰度直接富集到工业品位。我们研究结果显示钼的成矿主要通过两阶段富集过程来实现:一是与风化、沉积有关的表生过程;二是与板块俯冲或深埋熔融有关的岩浆过程。钼是变价元素,在寒武纪大气氧再次升高以后,钼在地表化学风化过程中容易被氧化为水溶性的Mo O42-,进入地表径流和海洋湖泊中,并且在还原条件下进入富含有机质的黑色页岩等沉积物(岩)中。富钼沉积物(岩)在随板块俯冲到地幔或深埋等条件下可以因升温变质,进而发生部分熔融,形成富钼的原始岩浆,在俯冲条件下往往形成斑岩铜(金)钼矿床,氧逸度低于斑岩铜矿,而斑岩钼矿的氧逸度更低。具有高化学风化速率、大的流域面积的封闭、半封闭型水域和河口地区是表生过程中钼富集的最佳区域,是大型钼矿形成的基础。     

景泰老龙湾砂砾岩峰林地貌形成与演化

景泰老龙湾砂砾岩峰林是世界罕见的地貌景观,时至今日,对老龙湾砂砾岩地貌的形成演化特征研究尚显薄弱。本文在前人研究的基础上,通过多次现场考察和研究,探讨了老龙湾砂砾岩峰林地貌的形成演化过程。认为老龙湾砂砾岩峰林地貌是青藏高原东北缘边界地带对青藏高原隆升、黄河演化和气候变化响应的直接产物,老龙湾盆地沉积的上新世—早更新世砂砾构成了物质基础,海原断裂带是砂砾岩峰林形成的构造基础,黄河水系切割及风蚀作用是其外动力塑造条件。地貌、地层学证据表明,晚新生代以来老龙湾砂砾岩的形成演化可划分为物质基础形成阶段、流水地貌形成阶段、峰林地貌塑造成型三个阶段。老龙湾砂砾岩峰林发育演化过程的构建,为黄河石林国家地质公园的建设提供了新的理论依据。     

云冈石窟砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物化学风化及相关文物病害研究

云冈石窟地区云冈组上段砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的含量普遍在10%以上,其主要矿物成分为含铁方解石和含铁白云石。在碳酸盐胶结物化学风化过程中发生的化学反应包括碳酸盐矿物溶解、Fe2+ 离子氧化及Fe3+ 离子水解,以及石膏、泻利盐、水碳镁石、球碳镁石等矿物结晶。水、砂岩中裂隙和层理发育、大气污染等是影响碳酸盐胶结物化学风化的主要外因。碳酸盐胶结物化学风化引发了多种文物病害,对云冈石窟的文物价值造成严重破坏。      

Chemical weathering and CO2 consumption in the Xijiang River basin, South China

Monthly samples of riverine water were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of major ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻), dissolved silicon, and total dissolved solids (TDS) at Wuzhou hydrological station located between the middle and lower reaches of the Xijiang River (XJR) from March 2005 to April 2006. More frequent sampling and analysis were carried out during the catastrophic flooding in June 2005. Stoichiometric analysis was applied for tracing sources of major ions and estimating CO₂ consumption from the chemical weathering of rocks. The results demonstrate that the chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks within the drainage basin is the main source of the dissolved chemical substances in the XJR. Some 81.20% of the riverine cations originated from the chemical weathering processes induced by carbonic acid, 11.32% by sulfuric acid, and the other 7.48% from the dissolution of gypsum and precipitates of sea salts within the drainage basin. The CO₂ flux consumed by the rock chemical weathering within the XJR basin is 2.37 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1, of which 0.64 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1 results from silicate rock chemical weathering, and 1.73 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1 results from carbonate rock chemical weathering. The CO₂ consumption comprises 0.38 × 10¹¹ mol during the 9-d catastrophic flooding. The CO₂ consumption from rock chemical weathering in humid subtropical zones regulates atmospheric CO₂ level and constitutes a significant part of the global carbon budget. The carbon sink potential of rock chemical weathering processes in the humid subtropical zones deserves extra attention.