Modelling ion composition in seepage water from a column experiment with an open cut coal mine sediment

Secondary reactions occurring in pyrite-containing sediments from open cut coal mines are complex and not fully understood. In this study, the changes in seepage water composition in a column experiment with a sediment containing pyrite (5.6 g kg⁻¹) were evaluated using a chemical equilibrium model. A column experiment with artificial irrigation (730 mm water yr⁻¹) was carried out for 2 yr with a sediment from the open pit mine Garzweiler, Germany, at the Institute of Applied Geology. Tracer (LiCl) was added to the sediment. Seepage water composition at 52 cm depth was sampled weekly. Redox potential and the water potential were also recorded weekly. Sulphate and Fe(II) were the dominant ions in the seepage water with concentration maxima of 500 and 350 mmol l⁻¹ after 50 days (0.7 pore volumes (PV)). Minimum pH values were around 0.8 after 100 days (1.4 PV), but increased subsequently and reached 2.4 after 700 days (9.5 PV). Ion activity product calculations indicated the intermediate formation of gypsum (19th–480th day of the experiment). Solutions were undersaturated with respect to alunite, jarosite, jurbanite, schwertmannite, melanterite, gibbsite and goethite during the whole experiment. The model of coupled equilibria which included inorganic complexation, precipitation/dissolution of gypsum and multiple cation exchange was tested. Pyrite oxidation and pH-dependent silicate weathering were considered using simple input functions. Transport was modelled using a field capacity cascade submodel. Model results showed satisfactory agreement with measured values for pH and concentrations of SO₄, Fe, Mg, Ca and Al. Correlation coefficients lay between 0.7 and 0.9 and linear regression coefficients (modelled against measured) were 1.5 (Ca), 1.0 (Fe, SO₄), 0.8 (Mg), 0.7 (pH) and 0.6 (Al). The results showed that the protons produced during pyrite oxidation (94 mmol_c H⁺ kg⁻¹) were mainly released into seepage water (as HSO₄⁻ and H⁺). Cation exchange reactions buffered 20 mmol_c of H⁺ kg⁻¹ sediment, and Al released by silicate weathering accounted for 3.6 mmol_c H⁺ kg⁻¹. Modelling was useful to further understand the significance of different pH buffer reactions.     

Spatial variations in chemical compositions along Langtang–Narayani river system in central Nepal

Surface water samples were collected from Langtang Lirung glacier outlet point to the Narayani river system in central Nepal in order to investigate the role of elevation in the variation of chemistry along the drainage networks. The chemistry of Langtang–Narayani river system was dominated by sulfide oxidation coupled with carbonate dissolution and weathering of silicate minerals. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were relatively higher than other cations and the sum of both species strongly correlated with alkalinity, supporting the dissolution of carbonate and dolomite as the dominant source for these ions. Aluminosilicate minerals primarily as albite and anorthite appeared as dominant silicate minerals within the drainage basin. Bisiallitization was the dominant type of weathering within the entire drainage system. Hydrogen ion concentration was lower in the low elevation sites than in high elevation sites reflecting the more consumption of carbon dioxide in the low elevation sites due to enhanced chemical weathering rates. Furthermore, major solutes like sum of base cations, silicon as well as alkalinity increased in concentration in the lower elevation sites. All regulating factors appeared to be directly related to elevation and hence elevation appeared to be the prime factor for the variation in chemical species along the Langtang–Narayani river system. Toshiyuki Masuzawa: deceased.     

Formation of Colloidal Silica and Alumina During Experimental Granodiorite Weathering

The role of aluminum and silica in the formation of colloids during granodiorite weathering was studied on the basis of long-term experiments in batch reactors. Rock samples were dissolved in un-buffered solutions of initial pH 3.2, 5.4, and 9.9 at ambient conditions for 500 days. During weathering, extremely high supersaturation with respect to various secondary solids was attained in the solutions. Consequently, new solids, part of which was conserved in solutions as colloids, condensed. The mean concentrations of colloidal Si reached values of 70, 50, and 48 mol 1^–1 in the alkaline, neutral, and acid solutions, respectively. The mean concentrations of colloidal Al, reached values of 34, 22, and 12 mol 1^–1 in the alkaline, neutral, and acid solutions, respectively. The concentration of colloids gradually decreased after 200-400 days of experiment. This phenomenon was interpreted as being due to the competition between homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. At the initial stages of the experiments, the colloidal species (predominantly colloidal Al) comprised a large proportion of the total amounts of aqueous species. Their share, however, decreased with time. The molar Al/Si-ratios of colloids were as high as 2–2.5 at the early stages of the experiment. After 250–300 days of experiments, on the other hand, these ratios decreased to values of about 0.5 in both the neutral and alkaline solutions and to a value of 0.15 in the acid solution. The evolution of colloids was consistent with the evolution of secondary solids in the sequence Al-hydroxides – clay minerals (illite, chlorite), in both the neutral and alkaline solutions. In acid solutions, the evolution of Al/Si-colloids was influenced by the presence of sulfate ion and Al-sulfate precipitation. Besides Al and Si, other elements, in particular Ca or Mg as a major component and Na, K, P, S, and Cl as minor components, readily participated in the formation of colloids.     

郑家王庄地区下第三系沙河街组砂砾岩扇体特征研究

利用现代沉积学理论结合测井和地震等资料，对郑家王庄地区砂砾岩扇体特征研究后认为：郑家王庄地区在下第三系以形成沙一、沙三、四段的较高水动力能砂砾岩扇体（冲积扇、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇）沉积体为主，其中沙三上亚段扇三角洲砂砾岩体是本区最主要的砂砾岩扇体类型，并具有较好的储集性能，是区内最主要的油气储集体；郑家王庄地区砂砾岩扇体沉积，强烈地受制于边界构造条件；其砂砾岩扇体沉积及其形态均受沉积相的控制，并具有复杂多变的特征，从而直接导致了本区油气藏的聚集和分布具有复杂多变的特点。     

Origin of PhosphoriteNodules of Lebedinsky Iron Deposit in Kursk Magnetic Anomaly （KMA） of the Russian Platform

INTRODUCTION TheKurskmagneticanomaly(KMA)coversnear ly120000km2andhasalengthof600kminSE NW direction,withawidthrangingfrom150kmto250 km.TheKMAbasinislimitedbytheDoneskPaleozoic massifinthesouthandthePrecambrianAzovsk podol skupliftinthesouth westanditsnorthernborderis markedbythecrystallinemassifupliftofVaronesh.0 c s TheLebedinskycomplexdepositislocatedinthecentral partoftheRussianplatformbetweenlatitude50°00′and50° 20′north,andlongitude34°00′and39°00′east,inthefron ti…     

Links between bulk sediment particle size and magnetic grain‐size: general observations and implications for Chinese loess studies

Using a combination of particle size analysis, magnetic measurements, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging, this study shows that in a wide range of depositional environments, there is a strong link between particle size classes and magnetic response, especially below the upper limit of stable single domain magnetic behaviour. Ferrimagnetic grain assemblages dominated by stable single domain magnetosomes regularly have peak susceptibility and remanence values in coarser grades than do those containing finer‐grained, viscous and superparamagnetic secondary magnetic minerals formed during pedogenesis. This effect is despite the fact that there is a one to two orders of magnitude size difference between the particle size boundaries (at 1 or 2 μm) and key domain state transitions (mostly below 0·05 μm). The implications of these results are explored using samples spanning 22 Myr of loess accumulation on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results from the loess sections, complemented by data from low‐temperature magnetic experiments, show that there are subtle distinctions in mean ferrimagnetic grain‐size between the Pleistocene and Miocene parts of the record, thus allowing more refined rock magnetic interpretations of the fine‐grained ferrimagnetic mineral assemblages arising from the effects of weathering, pedogenesis and possibly diagenesis in the sections studied.     

灵台红粘土和黄土-古土壤序列的地球化学演化

沉积物的化学成分无疑取决于来源物质的成分和沉积后的化学作用。对来自于甘肃灵台7MaBP以来风成沉积序列的红粘土、黄土和古土壤样品的化学分析表明,风成沉积物化学成分的演化主要由沉积前所经历的各种地表作用(尤其是风化作用)所决定,当地成壤作用对化学成分的影响叠加在10⁶a演化趋势上5反映风化程度的化学指标Na／Al值和Fe²⁺／Fe³⁺值总体均呈逐步增加的趋势,基本一致于上新世以来全球气候变化的趋势,这可能与青藏高原隆升和北半球冰盖发育加速粉尘物质源区侵蚀同时降低化学风化程度有关。     

花岗岩风化壳中的微生物及其对稀土元素的浸出作用

对广东共和稀土矿花岗岩风化岩风化壳剖面下不同深度的样品进行微生物培养，发现在0．2－12m深度范围的样品均有微生物存在，在0．2－3m深度范围微生物种类较多。微生物类型有细细菌（包括牙胞杆菌属、肠杆菌属、埃希氏菌属、产碱杆菌属等杆菌，奈瑟氏球菌属、葡萄球菌属等球菌以及梭状芽胞杆菌属厌氧菌）、真菌（包括曲霉属黑曲和黄曲、青霉属、毛霉属、酵母菌）和放线菌。利用风化壳中的各种微生物及其发酵产物对稀土矿样进行稀土浸出实验，并与蒸馏水和不加菌液的培养液作对比，实验结果表明：①混合微生物及其代谢产物浸矿，稀土元素的浸出量明显增加，浸泡液的pH值降低；②真菌类（毛霉属、酵母菌、曲霉属、青霉属）对稀土的浸出量最高，然后依次为发酵芽胞杆菌、葡萄球菌属、放线菌、发酵芽胞杆菌属；③细菌类对稀土的浸出作用主要与其代谢产物改变介质的pH值有关；而真菌类对稀土的浸出作用主要与其直接吸附和吸收稀土元素以及其代谢产物与稀土元素的络合作用有关；④与硫酸铵的浸出结果相比，微生物所浸出的稀土元素δCe较大、δEu值较小、（La/Sm)N和（Gd/Yb)N)的比值较低，结果与稀土元素在华南风化壳稀土矿风同间面中不同层位的变化规律一致。实验结果说明微生物及其代谢产物对风化壳中稀土元素的活化迁移和分异作用具有积极的贡献。     

Major ion geochemistry of Godavari River at Rajahmundry, India

Detailed time-series studies on the major ion geochemistry of tropical peninsular Indian rivers are lacking. In this backdrop, a small stretch of the Godavari River, globally ranking 32nd in terms of total discharge, is chosen for sampling at its mouth. The objectives are： （1） to understand the natural and anthropogenic sources controlling the major ion chemistry of the Godavari River at Rajahmundry, （2） processes controlling the temporal variations in major ions over a period of two years, （3） comparison of total dissolved solid （TDS） fluxes and weathering rates at Godavari River with other major tropical rivers. A total of 47 surface samples were collected, bimonthly, at five stations in the Godavari at Rajahmundry spaced over a distance of 6 km for a period of two years. Water samples were collected in pre-cleaned PP bottles. Parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity were measured on-site. Samples collected for analysis of major ions were processed within a few hours of collection by filtering through 0.45 mm pore size millipore filters. Filtered water samples for major ions were transported to the laboratory in cleaned 250 mL PP bottles. Sodium and K were measured on a Flame Photometer, Ca and Mg on a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Cl, NO3, SO4 by Ion Chromatography and SiO2 on a spectrophotometer. Chemical weathering of rocks controls the major ion chemistry of the Godavari River at its mouth as indicated by the alkaline nature of the river and dominant presence of Ca, Mg and HCO3 ions. Ca/Mg and Na/Mg ratios point its source to a mixture of lithological assemblages of basalt, granite-granodiorite,     

鄂尔多斯盆地加里东期不整合面类型及分布特征*

加里东期不整合面是早古生代华北板块内一个重要的盆地性质转换界面。鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳岩溶型油气藏和二叠系本溪组、太原组铝土质泥岩气藏的发现,促进了地质学家对该地区古生代加里东运动性质的探讨。基于大量的野外露头、钻井和地震资料,对加里东运动形成的不整合面的识别标志、不整合类型及其空间分布、不整合结构和时间变量进行深入解析。研究表明: (1)加里东运动后,鄂尔多斯盆地的古地貌形态大致可分为鄂托克旗—定边一带的高地貌区、神木—靖边—富县以及吴忠地貌过渡区、中东部地势低缓东倾区; (2)奥陶系顶部不整合面相邻地层呈角度各异的接触关系,具有“削截(下)—整一(上)”、“削截(下)—超覆(上)”的结构,整体表现为盆地边缘为具削截和褶皱的高角度不整合、盆缘向盆内过渡地区的低角度不整合及盆内大范围分布的平行不整合; (3)不整合面也是上、下古生界之间形成的主要风化壳界面,长期的沉积间断和风化剥蚀为该区铝土质泥岩发育奠定了环境背景,而铝土岩不仅可作为下古生界风化壳气藏的理想盖层,同时也是陇东勘探新区天然气大规模聚集成藏的有利场所。