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191.
To describe temporal change in tafone development, an S‐shaped curve equation is proposed: Z = Zc [1 ? (n + 1) exp (? β t ) + n exp (? (1 + 1/n) β t )] , where Z is observed tafone depth, Zc is ultimate tafone depth, t is time, and n and β are constants. The applicability of this model is examined using tafone data selected from seven sites, which are categorized into three different salt‐weathering environments: a spray/splash‐dominant (occasionally wave‐affected) supra‐tidal zone, aerosol‐affected coastal regions, and inland desert areas. The results indicate that the equation can well describe tafone development in each of these environments. An investigation based on the values of n and β, determined through a best fit of the equation to the data, suggests that n characterizes site‐specific environmental conditions and β reflects the magnitude of factors controlling the recession mechanism of tafone surfaces. It is found that (1) the maximum rate of tafone growth dramatically decreases from supra‐tidal, through coastal, to desert environments, and (2) the growing mode of tafoni is different depending on the environmental settings. The erosional force to facilitate the development of tafoni at supra‐tidal sites is estimated to be about 400 times greater than that in the general coastal area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
192.
火山岩风化体储层控制因素研究—以三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组为例 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
针对火山岩风化壳储层控制因素和成因复杂的难题,以三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组为例,在搞清晚石炭世构造环境和岩性特征基础上,提出风化淋滤和断裂改造是火山岩风化壳形成有利储层的主要控制因素.不同火山岩岩性经风化淋滤后储层物性均增大并能形成有利储层,储集层孔隙类型以次生溶蚀孔隙和裂缝为主,具双峰分布特征.建立了5层结构模型,并提... 相似文献
193.
Tewodros Alemayehu Albrecht Leis Anton Eisenhauer Martin Dietzel 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011,(2):177-187
Isotopic and chemical composition of groundwater from wells and springs, and surface water from the basalt-dominated Axum area (northern Ethiopia) provides evidence for the origin of water and dissolved species. Shallow (depth < 40 m) and deep groundwater are distinguished by both chemical and isotopic composition. Deep groundwater is significantly enriched in dissolved inorganic carbon up to 40 mmol l−1 and in concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Si(OH)4 compared to the shallow type.The δ2H and δ18O values of all solutions clearly indicate meteoric origin. Shifts from the local meteoric water line are attributed to evaporation of surface and spring water, and to strong water–rock interaction. The δ13CDIC values of shallow groundwater between −12 and −7‰ (VPDB) display the uptake of CO2 from local soil horizons, whereas δ13CDIC of deep groundwater ranges from −5 to +1‰. Considering open system conditions with respect to gaseous CO2, δ13CDIC = +1‰ of the deep groundwater with highest PCO2 = 10−0.9 atm yields δ13CCO2(gas) ≈ −5‰, which is close to the stable carbon isotopic composition of magmatic CO2. Accordingly, stable carbon isotope ratios within the above range are referred to individual proportions of CO2 from soil and magmatic origin. The uptake of magmatic CO2 results in elevated cations and Si(OH)4 concentrations. Weathering of local basalts is documented by 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the groundwater from 0.7038 to 0.7059. Highest values indicate Sr release from the basement rocks. Besides weathering of silicates, neoformation of solids has to be considered, which results in the formation of, e.g., kaolinite and montmorillonite. In several solutions supersaturation with respect to calcite is reached by outgassing of CO2 from the solution leading to secondary calcite formation. 相似文献
194.
Physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses of undisturbed drill cores of pelitic schist from a landslide area in Japan clarified the mechanisms of chemical weathering of pelitic schist. Oxidizing surface water percolates downward and reaches an oxidation front, where chlorite is altered to Al‐vermiculite, graphite and pyrite are oxidized and depleted, and goethite precipitates. Oxidation of pyrite also occurs just below the oxidation front, probably by ferric iron. Pyrite oxidation yields sulphuric acid, which penetrates further downward, interacting with and weakening the rocks. In addition to this chemical weakening, stress release and shearing along schistosities form an incipient shear zone, which propagates to a sliding zone that forms the rupture surface of a landslide. Once a sliding zone has developed, it inhibits downward groundwater flow across it because of its low permeability, slowing the downward propagation of the weathering zone until this filtration barrier is broken by landslide movement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
195.
文中探讨了寨上地区古风化壳形成机理和演化过程,认为在寨上矿区第三系地层以下存在古风化壳,寨上矿区王足路一带16、29、23号矿体头部的风化壳内的氧化铁帽型金矿为风化壳型金矿床(类红土型金矿)。 相似文献
196.
采用温湿度测试、石窟造像渗水实验、石窟造像吸水的红外成像、岩石特征分析等手段,对四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面及其周围环境进行监测,以及对石窟造像岩石特征进行分析.结果表明:进深较大的窟室内外存在2℃~4℃的温差,岩石0~40 mm深度范围内温度与外界气温存在显著相关性;石窟造像岩石主要成分为长石、石英、黑云母及黏土矿物,... 相似文献
197.
198.
199.
本文对广东湛江湖光岩地区厚度分别为4 m和7 m的两个不同喷发时代玄武岩形成的风化壳样品进行Fe同位素分析,分析结果显示:厚度4m风化壳样品Fe同位素组成δ57Fe范围为0.17‰~0.57‰;厚度7 m风化壳样品Fe同位素组成δ57Fe范围为0.20‰~0.68‰,相对于标准物质IRMM-014,不同深度风化壳样品均显示Fe的重同位素富集.两风化壳剖面自下而上,随风化程度增大,风化壳样品中Fe同位素分馏程度也呈现逐渐增大的趋势,表明风化壳样品中Fe的重同位素富集趋势与风化壳的发育程度正相关,风化壳土壤中Fe同位素组成是反映土壤风化程度的指标.另一方面,风化过程可将地球外部圈层(岩石圈、水圈、生物圈)有机结合起来,风化壳土壤Fe同位素组成变化是表生植物和水淋滤共同作用的结果,对化学风化过程中Fe同位素研究,将会极大地补充表生过程中同位素地球化学的知识,同时Fe同位素可作为表生过程中物质的循环、环境的变化等过程中有力的示踪/指示技术手段加以应用. 相似文献
200.
Emile Rod 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1-2):89-95
The structural deformation which produced more than 80 Jura‐type folds each of an axial length exceeding 1 km, in the Redbank Area, N.T., involved only a 360‐to 400‐m thick blanket of sediments. This thin skin of sediments and volcanic rocks, belonging to the Lower Proterozoic Tawallah Group, consists from bottom to top of the Wollogorang Formation, Gold Creek Volcanics, and Pungalina beds. Folding did not involve the underlying Settlement Creek Volcanics or Aquarium Formation. It is postulated that the cause of this detachment and shearing off along the bottom of the thin blanket of sediments is the infiltration of carbonated, K‐rich hydrothermal fluids under high pressure. This occurred during a period of igneous activity related to a postulated deep‐seated alkaline magma thought to be responsible for the many breccia pipes in the area. Thus the folds result from a décollement triggered by high fluid pressure, and from the accompanying gravity gliding and gravitational induced deformation of the thin skin of sediments along a gentle slope. 相似文献