全球变化与区域干旱化

本文总结了已完成的国家重点基础研究发展规划计划项目(“973”项目)“我国生存环境演变和北方干旱化趋势预测”(1999～2004年)和正在执行的“973”项目“北方干旱化与人类适应”的有关干旱化问题研究的部分成果。主要是中国科学院大气物理研究所最近几年在近代区域干旱化的事实及全球联系方面的研究进展,并对全球增暖背景下区域干旱化的形成机理展开讨论。     

非线性气候振荡模型的渐近解

A class of nonlinear global climate oscillation models is considered. Using perturbation theory and its methods, solutions to the asymptotic expansions of some related problems are constructed. These asymptotic expansions of the solutions for the original problem possess a higher approximation. The perturbed asymptotic method is an analytic method. Citation: Lin, Y. H., W. T. Lin, and J. Q. Mo, 2008: Asymptotic solutions to a nonlinear climate oscillation model, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 40-44     

全球气候模式对宁夏区域未来气候变化的情景模拟分析

利用多个全球气候模式(GCM)的情景模拟结果分析只考虑温室气体效应的IS92a GG情景和同时考虑温室气体效应和硫化物气溶胶辐射效应的IS92aGS情景以及SRESA2、B2情景下宁夏区域21世纪地面气温和降水量的可能变化,并进行不确定性分析。气候基准时段(1961~1990年)模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明,GCM对宁夏气候具有一定的模拟能力;整体上讲,GCM对地面气温的模拟值偏低,对降水量的模拟值偏高,其中ECHAM4和HadCM3对宁夏基准时段地面气温和降水量的模拟结果与观测比较接近。各GCM模拟值的平均结果显示,4种温室气体排放情景下21世纪宁夏区域气温持续升高,至21世纪末宁夏升温幅度可达4~6℃,与全国平均的增温幅度大致相当;与升温趋势相应的是降水量的增加,但降水变化呈现出很大的波动性,至21世纪末宁夏的降水变化幅度可达10%~40%。各个GCM模拟的宁夏气候变化的总趋势是一致的,但各模式在不同情景下模拟结果的差异很大,存在较大的不确定性。     

Confocal laser scanning microscopy and Raman imagery of ancient microscopic fossils

Among all problems confronting the study of ancient permineralized (petrified) microscopic fossils, two stand out, the need for (1) accurate documentation of their three-dimensional morphology, and (2) direct analysis of their chemical composition and that of their surrounding mineral matrices. To address these problems we demonstrate the use of two techniques that we have recently introduced to Precambrian paleobiology: confocal laser scanning microscopy and Raman imagery. These techniques, both of which are non-intrusive and non-destructive, can provide data by which to characterize, in situ and at micron-scale resolution, the cellular and organismal morphology of thin section-embedded organic-walled fossils. In addition, Raman imagery provides direct analyses of the molecular–structural composition of the kerogenous components of such fossils and of their surrounding matrices, and a means to assess quantitatively the geochemical maturity of the preserved organics. Use of these techniques for studies of ancient microscopic fossils can provide information in three dimensions at high spatial resolution about their morphology and cellular anatomy, taphonomy and fidelity of preservation, composition and mode of preservation, and their biogenicity and syngenetic origin with the rocks in which they occur.     

水地球化学测量在森林沼泽景观区区域化探异常追踪中的作用研究

对水地球化学测量在森林沼泽景观区域化探异常追踪阶段的地位和作用进行了研究,发现了水体中热液型铅锌矿床和铜金矿化、斑岩型铜矿床的指示元素种类.以相对低密度(0.5点/km2～2点/km2)和小采样量(每点25ml)的水地球化学测量可达到快速有效缩小找矿靶区、指明找矿有利区段、指导下一步工作部署的目的.     

北京山区植被覆被率遥感制图与景观格局分析——以门头沟区为例

准确、快速地获取植被覆盖状况信息是北山区生态恢复和建设的关键与重点.本文在FCD Mapping model的原理和方法基础上,利用TM图像对北京门头沟区植被覆被率展开调查和制图应用研究,并利用FRAGSTATS软件对所得的植被覆盖等级图从斑块大小、斑块数、斑块密度、斑块平均面积、分形维数和聚集度等角度进行了空间格局的剖析.     

数字航摄仪在架空送电线路上的应用研究

随着航空摄影的发展,传统航摄仪已明显表现出其局限性,数字航摄仪在影像质量及效率等多方面的优势已愈见明显,其中DMC数字航摄仪已得到广泛应用。文章结合实际生产项目,利用DMC数字航摄仪进行摄影,对摄影比例尺、控制点布控、作业流程、作业方法及加密成图等情况进行了分析和比较。     

论测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的作用

本文主要论述了测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的地位与作用，说明加快发展我国测绘仪器的必要性，同时提出了发展我国测绘仪器的建议。     

Model prediction capacity of ephemeral gully evolution in conservation tillage systems

Ephemeral gully (EG) erosion has an important impact on agricultural soil losses and increases field surface hydrology connectivity and transport of pollutants to nearby water bodies. Watershed models including an EG component are scarce and not yet properly evaluated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the capacity of one such tool, AnnAGNPS, to simulate the evolution of two EG formed in a conservation tillage system. The dataset for model testing included runoff measurements and EG morphological characteristics during 3 years. Model evaluation focused on EG evolution of volume, width, and length model outputs, and included calibration and testing phases and a global sensitivity analysis (GSA). While the model did not fully reproduce width and length, the model efficiency to simulate EG volume was satisfactory for both calibration and testing phases, supporting the watershed management objectives of the model. GSA revealed that the most sensitive factors were EG depth, critical shear stress, headcut detachment exponent coefficient b, and headcut detachment leading coefficient a. For EG outputs the model was additive, showing low sensitivity to interactions between the inputs. Prediction of EG spatial evolution on conservation tillage systems requires improved development of gully erosion components, since many of the processes were developed originally for traditional tillage practices or larger channel systems. Our results identify the need for future research when EG form within conservation tillage systems, in particular to study gully headcut, soil erodibility, and width functions specific to these practices.     

Soil erosion and sediment transport in Tanzania: Part I – sediment source tracing in three neighbouring river catchments

Water bodies in Tanzania are experiencing increased siltation, which is threatening water quality, ecosystem health, and livelihood security in the region. This phenomenon is caused by increasing rates of upstream soil erosion and downstream sediment transport. However, a lack of knowledge on the contributions from different catchment zones, land-use types, and dominant erosion processes, to the transported sediment is undermining the mitigation of soil degradation at the source of the problem. In this context, complementary sediment source tracing techniques were applied in three Tanzanian river systems to further the understanding of the complex dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport in the region. Analysis of the geochemical and biochemical fingerprints revealed a highly complex and variable soil system that could be grouped in distinct classes. These soil classes were unmixed against riverine sediment fingerprints using the Bayesian MixSIAR model, yielding proportionate source contributions for each catchment. This sediment source tracing indicated that hillslope erosion on the open rangelands and maize croplands in the mid-zone contributed over 75% of the transported sediment load in all three river systems during the sampling time-period. By integrating geochemical and biochemical fingerprints in sediment source tracing techniques, this study demonstrated links between land use, soil erosion and downstream sediment transport in Tanzania. This evidence can guide land managers in designing targeted interventions that safeguard both soil health and water quality.