Interannual and seasonal variation of flow velocity in Koxkar Baxi Glacier from 2014 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Glacier flow is a key factor in understanding the nature of glaciers, and it is also one of the main research contents of glacier dynamics, which can provide basic support for rational utilization of glacier resources and early warning of glacier disasters. There are many mountain glaciers located in the west of China. The study on the spatiotemporal variation of surface velocity of glaciers also has great significance for the social and economic development of the western China. Koxkar Baxi Glacier, locates on the southern slopes of the Tomur Peak, is a typical dendritic glacier. In order to obtain the conditions of Koxkar Baxi Glacier’flow rates and its variation to further reveal the future of the variation of glacier, the spatiotemporal variability of glacier velocity was surveyed using correlation(COSI-Corr)method on Landsat imagery from 2014 to 2020. The results show that: (1)The average annual flow velocity of the Koxkar Baxi Glacier was 0. 04~0. 05 m·d-1 during 2014 to 2020. (2)The glacier reaches its maximum flow velocity near the center part, and the velocity decreased towards both lateral margins. In a longitudinal profile, ice flow velocity in the accumulation area increased down to the equilibrium line, while decreased towards the glacier terminal. The maximum velocity with 0. 17~ 0. 20 m·d-1 was found near the equilibrium line altitude. (3)The glacier flow velocity in warm seasons were 16. 67% faster than that in cold seasons. (4)The glacier flow velocity from 2014 to 2020 showed a slight decreasing trend, and the average flow velocity decreased 0. 01 m·d-1. (5)Temperature and precipitation had certain influence on the seasonal fluctuation and interannual variation of the flow velocity of the glacier. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

水库滑坡涌浪传播有限元数值模拟

库岸滑坡涌浪危害巨大,正确预测库区可能的滑坡涌浪非常重要,是工程可行性论证的重要内容之一。将浅水控制方程应用于滑坡涌浪数值模拟,控制方程采用简便且具有较高精度的两步Taylor-Galerkin方法进行求解。通过算例对数值模型的应用进行验证,结果表明,涌浪产生后将以入水点为源点迅速向四周推进并不断衰减,且随传播距离的增加浪高降幅逐渐减小。计算的涌浪高度及水位变化规律与实测资料吻合得很好,并将滑坡涌浪的沿程传播过程可视化。研究结果表明,文中方法模拟滑坡涌浪传播是有效可行的,可用于滑坡涌浪灾害的预测和防治。     

Track analysis and storm surge investigation of 2017 Typhoon Hato: were the warning signals issued in Macau and Hong Kong timed appropriately?

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the storm surge caused by Typhoon Hato, which severely affected Macau, Hong Kong, and other coastal cities in China on 23 August 2017. A typhoon and storm surge coupling model demonstrated that the maximum storm surge height reached nearly 2.5?m along the coast of Macau, while that in Hong Kong was slightly below 2?m. Furthermore, a field survey of urban flooding revealed evidence of a 2.25-m inundation in downtown Macau and a 0.55-m inundation on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, which were likely exacerbated by a combination of storm surge, heavy rainfall, and surface water runoff over a complex hilly terrain. Significant wave overtopping and runup also occurred in beach and port areas. A typhoon track analysis confirmed that several comparably strong typhoons have followed similar ESE to WNW trajectories and made landfall in the Pearl River Delta in the last few decades. Although Hato was not the strongest of these storms, its forward speed of about 32.5?km/h was remarkably faster than those of other comparable typhoons. Higher levels of storm signal warnings were issued earlier in Hong Kong than in Macau, raising questions about the appropriate timing of warnings in these two nearby areas. Our analysis of the storm’s pattern suggests that both regions’ decisions regarding signal issuance could be considered reasonable or at least cannot be simply blamed, given the rapid motion and intensification of Hato and the associated economic risks at stake.     

地面多基线数字摄影测量在冰川测量中的应用 ——以博格达峰黑沟8号冰川为例

冰川的监测一直是冰川学研究的重要内容, 2008年对天山东段博格达峰南坡的黑沟8号冰川末端进行了地面多基线数字摄影测量, 获取了该冰川末端的影像, 以及与之相配套的控制信息. 在Lensphoto多基线数字摄影测量系统中, 测得了冰川末端的0.11 km² DEM数据. 采用同期测量的GPS数据检验得知, 摄影测量所得DEM数据在高程上的平均误差为1.92 m, 标准偏差为3.47 m. 地面旋转多基线数字摄影测量是一种非常有效的冰川测量手段, 可以在典型冰川测量和冰川重要部位(例如冰川末端、 冰崖等)的测量中发挥作用.     

高亚洲冰川区SRTM C-波段DEM数据透射深度研究

SRTM数据是研究冰量变化的重要数据之一。基于SRTM C-波段和X-波段的高程数据,对高亚洲不同冰川区SRTM C-波段数据的透射深度进行了研究。结果表明：高亚洲地区SRTM_C透射深度的空间分布特征存在较大差异,其中藏色岗日地区的透射深度最大为（5.3±2.1） m,中天山和念青唐古拉西段地区的透射深度最小仅为（0.8±0.6） m。透射深度整体空间分布呈由高亚洲边缘地区向青藏高原内陆先减小后增大,到羌塘高原地区SRTM_C的透射深度最大的趋势。气温和降水量的空间差异共同作用是导致SRTM_C透射深度呈上述分布状况的主要因素。此外,SRTM X-波段数据的覆盖状况和冰川样本数量的选择会导致不同研究估算出的SRTM_C透射深度存在不确定性。     

从砾石组构看天山叶状石冰川的表面运动特征

本区发育有十数条叶状石冰川,主要由倒石堆或岩屑锥演化而来。单个的石冰川一般宽60—150m、长35—100m、高30—40m,其顶部有反倾坡和槽脊,其前缘坡脚有挤压翘起平台。对2号石冰川上500块砾石的组构量测表明:1)此类石冰川各处AB面和A轴倾向与各自所处的沉积面坡向较为一致;2)各处AB面比A轴具有更为优势的组构倾向;3)其运动方向是自谷壁向外并垂直于表面等高线方向流动;4)其流动特征与阿尔卑斯舌状石冰川不尽相同,主要是受气候和地形因素影响所致。     

可可西里马兰山冰川的近期变化

位于可可西里地区的马兰山冰帽，冰川覆盖了整个山体，冰川面积达195km^2，属极大陆型冰川，雪线海拔在5340－5540m之间，大多数冰川末端存在小冰期的碛垄，一般可分辨出3道，自小冰期以来，随着气候的变化，马兰山冰帽表现出波动退缩趋势。小冰期时，冰舌末端南坡比现在低20m，北坡低20－40m，由冰川退缩引起的冰川面积的减小相当于现代冰川面积的4．6％，略小于整个羌塘高原地区小冰期以来冰川面积减小的幅度（8％）。近百年来，冰川的退缩量为45－60m左右，而从1970年以来的30a中，马兰山冰川的退缩量为30－50m，平均年退缩量为1－1．7m。虽然小于高原边缘和其它地区冰川退缩幅度，但是退缩速率正在逐渐增大，这将对高原内陆脆弱的生态系统和生态环境产生较大的影响。     

世界和中国的冰川分布及其水资源意义

世界上巨大数量的冰川是优质清洁的淡水资源,但分布极其不均衡,导致在各地区可利用价值的差异.冰盖全部集中在南极和格陵兰,山岳冰川的84%集中于亚洲高地和北美寒区.中国是中低纬带冰川最多规模最大的国家,又是世界荒漠区和贫水国中冰川最多的国家.中国冰川分布以青新荒漠绿洲区最多,其中塔里木是世界上冰川最多的内流水系,并哺育出塔里木冰水绿洲.为平衡绿洲经济发展与生态环境安全的关系,提出"养源平流"方针.     

西藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷入口处 第四纪多次冰川阻江事件*

在第四纪的末次冰期、新冰期和小冰期期间,位于大峡谷入口处的则隆弄跃动冰川发生多次的快速前进,多次发生阻塞雅鲁藏布江事件,在大峡谷以上河段形成4期(Ⅳ~Ⅰ)的林芝古堰塞湖。¹⁴ C测年结果指示第2次、第3次和第4次堰塞湖分别发生在9760~11300aB.P.,1220±40~1660±40aB.P.和287±93~394±83aB.P.。估计Ⅳ~Ⅱ期堰塞湖库容量约2150km³,835km³和81km³。冰川阻塞湖坝的溃决释放突发性洪水,对下游的雅鲁藏布大峡谷河段及下游地区的环境产生巨大的影响。