0．7Ma以来的念青唐古拉山脉隆升过程——来自冰川剥蚀作用的证据

通过对念青唐古拉山冰碛地层划分及冰碛物同位素测年，发现最早一期冰碛物形成于0．7～0．6MaBP，指示自中更新世以来念青唐古拉山脉开始隆升，主峰地区发生了大规模的冰川剥蚀作用，形成了大面积分布的冰碛高平台；0．2～0．14MaBP念青唐古拉山又快速隆升，并堆积了刚刚伸出各大沟谷口的高侧碛；0．07～0．03MaBP念青唐古拉山再次小规模隆起，形成各大沟谷内的侧碛和终碛垄；0．01Ma BP还有小规模冰川活动。念青唐古拉山主峰地区的冰川剥蚀作用反映出的山脉隆升过程，可较好地与青藏高原的隆起过程相对比，它应是青藏高原隆升的响应。     

Calibration of an oscillating nozzle‐type rainfall simulator

Nozzle‐type rainfall simulators are commonly used in hydrologic and soil erosion research. Simulated rainfall intensity, originating from the nozzle, increases as the distance between the point of measurement and the source is decreased. Hence, rainfall measured using rain gauges would systematically overestimate the rainfall received at the ground level. A simple model was developed to adjust rainfall measured anywhere under the simulator to plot‐wide average rainfall at the ground level. Nozzle height, plot width, gauge diameter and height, and gauge location are required to compute this adjustment factor. Results from 15 runs at different rain intensities and durations, and with different rain gauge layouts, showed that a simple average of measured rain would overestimate the plot‐wide rain by about 20 per cent. Using the adjustment factor to convert measured rainfall for individual gauges before averaging improved the estimate of plot‐wide rainfall considerably. For the 15 runs considered, overall discrepancy between actual and measured rain is reduced to less than 1 per cent with a standard error of 0·97 mm. This model can be easily tested in the ?eld by comparing rainfall depths of different sized gauges. With the adjustment factor they should all give very similar values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Short‐term erosion rates from a 7Be inventory balance

Detailed soil erosion studies bene?t from the ability to quantify the magnitude of erosion over time scales appropriate to the process. An inventory balance for ⁷Be was used to calculate sediment erosion in a 30·73 m² plot during a series of runoff‐producing thunderstorms occurring over three days at the Deep Loess Research Station in Treynor, Iowa, USA. The inventory balance included determination of the pre‐ and post‐storm ⁷Be inventories in the soil, the atmospheric in?ux of ⁷Be during the event, and pro?les of the ⁷Be activity in the soil following the atmospheric deposition. The erosion calculated in the plot using the ⁷Be inventory balance was 0·058 g cm^?2, which is 23 per cent of the annual average erosion determined using ¹³⁷Cs inventories. The calculated erosion from the mass balance is similar to the 0·059 g cm^?2 of erosion estimated from the amount of sediment collected at the outlet of the 6 ha ?eld during the study period and the delivery ratio (0·64). The inventory balance of ⁷Be provides a new means for evaluating soil erosion over the time period most relevant to quantifying the prediction of erosion from runoff. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using rainfall-runoff modeling to interpret lake level data

Using water balance computations, the behavior of different kinds of lakes is discussed. Simple analytical expressions relating water level to hydrological conditions and lake bathymetry are given. The importance of knowing the river basin area when analyzing lake levels is stressed. A conceptual rainfall-runoff model including lake routing is used to simulate runoff and lake levels and to compute quasi-steady state conditions and long-term transient situations. It is suggested that models can be used to construct curves relating lake levels to precipitation and lake evaporation. By comparing with paleo-lake levels, the annual precipitation related to these levels can be found, provided information is available about the seasonal distribution of the precipitation.     

Ibex diggings in the Negev Desert highlands of Israel as microhabitats for annual plants. Soil salinity, location and digging depth affecting variety and density of plant species

About 400 Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) dig many hundreds of temporary night beds, approximately 80 cm × 110 cm and 15 cm deep, on slopes near the edges of the cliffs bordering the Zin valley. The beds are used according to the wind direction and the size of the ibex group, which depends on the ibex social behaviour during the year.The diggings are gradually abandoned and become important microhabitats for seed accumulation and germination, seedling development and annual plant establishment. These are influenced by soil salinity, slope direction and angle, digging depth, and the time since the diggings were abandoned. A greater variety of plant species and plant density were found in these diggings than upslope from the diggings.     

Runoff Scaling in Large Rivers of the World

Runoff and precipitation scaling with respect to drainage area is analyzed for large river basins of the world, those with mean annual runoff in excess of 10 k³/yr. The usefulness of the specific runoff (runoff per unit drainage area, m/yr) to categorize runoff scaling laws across the complete spectrum of climatic and hydrologic conditions is evaluated. It is found that (1) runoff scales with drainage are in those river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr (r² = 0.88); (2) runoff scaling with drainage area shows remarkably high statistical correlation (r²= 0.97) in river basins with specific runoff equal to or larger than 1.0 m/yr; (3) runoff does not Inc.rease with Inc.reasing drainage area in river basins with specific runoff below 0.15 m/yr, where no discernible statistical association was found between runoff and drainage area; and (4) precipitation depth (m/yr) is inversely proportional to drainage area raised to a fractional exponent in river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr.     

天山北坡降水对河流水沙情势影响

以天山北坡头屯河流域为例，在对山区不同海拔的降水特征、侵蚀产沙情势以及河流水沙运移特点分析的基础上，详尽就山区降水对河流水沙情势的年际变化、年内变化以及月变化的影响进行了分析研究，并就降水对不同海拔的河流水沙情势的影响强度及相互关系作了探讨．     

重复航空摄影测量方法在乌鲁木齐河流域冰川变化监测中的应用

介绍重复航空摄影测量对比成图方法在监测乌鲁木齐河流域冰川规模和形态要素变化中的应用，以及成图过程中对控制加密和精度等问题的处理。检验表明，航空摄影测量对比成图方法能较准确地量测冰川长度、面积和储量等全形态要素的变化量，可以用于区域冰川变化的监测研究。测量资料表明，１９６４～１９９２年间，乌鲁木齐河流域１５５条冰川的规模均在缩小，冰川末端平均后退率为１２．４％，面积平均缩小率为１３．８％，冰储量减少１５．５％。     

乌鲁木齐河山区流域360年径流量的重建

本文利用在乌鲁木齐河山区流域所建立的树轮年表，重建了乌鲁木齐河山区流域３６０年上年７月～当年３月的平均径流量。校准方程的相关系数为０．６７０，交叉检验的误差缩减值达０．３６６。在重建的３６０年径流量的变化中，有４个偏丰期和３个偏枯期，第２，３两个偏丰期与乌鲁木齐河河源１号冰川的两次冰进期相对应。对重建径流量的丰枯频率分析发现，平水年份出现最多，偏枯水年份多于偏丰水年份约５．８％，特枯水年没有出现，特丰水年出现６次，约占１．７％。这表明３６０年来径流量变化基本上稳定。     

RILL EROSION PROCESS ON STEEP SLOPE LAND OF THE LOESS PLATEAU

IntheLoessPlateau,alongtheslopelengthfromthetoptothebottom,soilerosionischaracterizedbyobviousverticalzonaldivision,thatis,sheeterosionzone,sheeterosionandrillerosionzone,rillerosionandshallowgullyerosionzoneandgullyerosionzone.Inthesheetandrillero..sionzone,rillerosionamounttakesup70%ofthetotalsoilloss[TANGKenetal.,1983,ZHENGFenlietal.,19871;intherillandshallowgullyerosionzone,rillerosionamountaccountsfor30--40%ofthetotalsoilloss.Sorillerosionisamajorerosionpatternonsteepslopeland.Riller…