黑河干流山区流域月径流计算模型

西北内陆河山区流域天然来水量的准确预测对于维持区域可持续发展和生态环境的保护具有重大的意义。鉴于这些山区流域地形、地貌、植被景观复杂，观测站点稀疏，建立了6种月平均流量的计算模型，效果都很好。所进行的数值试验表明，山区平均月降水量、月平均气温、平均月蒸发量和出山月平均流量相互之间存在复杂的非线性关系。降水和气温都是影响月蒸发力和平均流量的一个综合因素。气温是影响含有冰雪融水的山区流域产流的一个极为重要的因素，但降水、气温物蒸发力不足以完全综合反映产流过程，应该探讨加入新的因子。     

由实测暴雨推求设计洪水方法的探讨

基于南方湿润地区洪水由暴雨形成的特点，可根据实测暴雨资料分析流域代表性产、汇流参数，将历年最大面暴雨系列转换为对应的洪水系列，并由该洪水系列作为样本来计算洪水统计参数。实例分析结果表明，与实测洪水计算结果相近，该方法不但克服了山区河流雨洪同频率的假定，而且还为研究暴雨形成洪水的产、汇流机制，创造了一定的条件。     

南水北调西线工程可调水量分析中几个主要问题的探讨

南水北调西线工程规划从长江上游的通天河、雅砻江、大渡河调水入黄河,以解决西北及华北部分地区的干旱缺水问题。调水工程可调水量是开展各项工作的基础。在现有资料的基础上,通过对引水坝址径流量、引水坝址上下游用水要求、水库下泄水量、工程规模等因素的分析,提出了各因素对可调水量的影响程度,并估算了各引水坝址适宜的可调水量。     

Surface tension and friction coefficients in shallow,laminar overland flows through organic litter

This study investigates the contribution of surface tension forces to friction coefficients in shallow, laminar interrill flows. Friction coefficients in these flows are known to be increased greatly by organic litter and by stems. Fine litter provides extensive edges along which surface tension menisci can be drawn up, and evaluating the significance of this in the frictional retardation of flow was the primary objective of the experiments reported here. Using both standardized ‘litter particles’ (small wooden blocks of fixed dimensions) and natural plant litter, meniscus behaviour and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient were evaluated in shallow flows on a laboratory sand board. For some tests, the surface tension of ordinary water was reduced by 40 per cent by the addition of a surfactant, and the friction coefficient redetermined. Results show that the presence of surface tension menisci flanking litter particles provides areas of deeper flow that are up to 7 mm in width and which can increase flow depths by 100–300 per cent. These zones support significantly higher flow speeds. Increased water depths within menisci are additionally associated with reduced depths beyond the menisci, so that an increase in the spatial variability of flow depths is a second consequence of meniscus formation. These modifications of flow depth by surface tension menisci are shown to reduce rather than increase the overall friction coefficient applicable to the flow. Consequently, additional frictional retardation does not arise within the menisci flanking litter particles and so cannot account for the greater drag arising from litter than from other surface features. Different factors, possibly the direct obstruction of flow paths, must therefore underlie the frictional drag. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Infiltration,runoff and sediment production in blanket peat catchments: implications of field rainfall simulation experiments

Blanket peat covers the headwaters of many major European rivers. Runoff production in upland blanket peat catchments is flashy with large flood peaks and short lag times; there is minimal baseflow. Little is known about the exact processes of infiltration and runoff generation within these upland headwaters. This paper presents results from a set of rainfall simulation experiments performed on the blanket peat moorland of the North Pennines, UK. Rainfall was simulated at low intensities (3–12 mm h^?1), typical of natural rainfall, on bare and vegetated peat surfaces. Runoff response shows that infiltration rate increases with rainfall intensity; the use of low‐intensity rainfall therefore allows a more realistic evaluation of infiltration rates and flow processes than previous studies. Overland flow is shown to be common on both vegetated and bare peat surfaces although surface cover does exert some control. Most runoff is produced within the top few centimetres of the peat and runoff response decreases rapidly with depth. Little vertical percolation takes place to depths greater than 10 cm owing to the saturation of the peat mass. This study provides evidence that the quickflow response of upland blanket peat catchments is a result of saturation‐excess overland flow generation. Rainfall–runoff response from small plots varies with season. Following warm, dry weather, rainfall tends to infiltrate more readily into blanket peat, not just initially but to the extent that steady‐state surface runoff rates are reduced and more flow takes place within the peat, albeit at shallow depth. Sediment erosion from bare peat plots tends to be supply limited. Seasonal weather conditions may affect this in that after a warm, dry spell, surface desiccation allows sediment erosion to become transport limited. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

由降雨侵蚀引起的山坡面水土流失预测的数学模型

数学模型包括：坡面水流连续方程、水流运动方程、泥沙连续方程（水土流失方程）、坡面变形方程。考虑到坡面流的流速及非线性双曲型方程，采用迎风有限差分显格式来离散方程，编制计算程序，进行了计算。研究成果可以描述动态坡面降雨侵蚀过程，并可将研究成果扩展到整个小流域，从而为治理水土流失提供依据。     

近50年来ENSO与祁连山区气温降水和出山径流的对应关系

根据有关水文气象台、站的观测资料,分析了恩索(ENSO)与祁连山区气温、降水的对应关系,研究了祁连山区出山径流对厄尔尼诺(ElNino)现象响应.结果表明:ElNino现象对祁连山区的气温、降水和径流的影响随着发生时间和地段的不同而不同.ElNino现象发生之年,整个祁连山区均出现气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏枯的现象,尤以东段和中段最为明显.ElNino现象次年,祁连山区东段和中段气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏估的程度不如ElNino现象当年那样显著,而西段的气温、降水及径流与ElNino现象则无明显关系.     

二维水流数学模型区产流、汇流问题的探讨

目前,二维水流数学模型已得到普遍应用,但模型区的产流、汇流问题考虑较少。通过南水北调中线工程总干渠左岸串流区二维水流模拟计算,针对水面区和陆面区不同情况对模型区的产流、汇流问题进行了分析研究,在二维水动力学数学模型的基础上建立了串流区水文、水力学模型,提出了处理模型区产流、汇流问题的一套行之有效的方法。     

Gully retreat in a semi-urban catchment in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Slope instability has been an on-going problem along the South Saskatchewan River within the city of Saskatoon, and has adversely affected private property, bridge foundations, and municipal roads and services. Wooded declivities were present prior to urban de velopment, but changes in drainage patterns associated with construction of an urban park about 30 years ago have resulted in pronounced gullying. Morphometric measurements of two gullies conducted from 1994 to 2000 showed that their headwalls have retreated approximately 7 and 19 m, respectively, with accompanying widening and deepening of the features. The process of retreat is driven largely by the seasonal precipitation regime; it mainly occurs after heavy summer rainstorms, although freeze–thaw activity during snowmelt and subsurface flow are also implicated. Retreat is further controlled by the inherent strength of the root mat that binds the surface soils until the undercut trees finally collapse. Surface runoff through the gullies recently has been redirected through a storm sewer that is designed to mitigate the erosion problem.     

The relationship between ENSO cycle and temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The corresponding relationship between El Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area are analyzed according to the date from the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, the results show that effects of El Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in the different time and zones. When El Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decrease in the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperature rises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year El Nino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature, precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.