九寨沟震后核心景区崩滑堆积体冲刷启动机制研究

2017年九寨沟震后核心景区广泛发育崩滑堆积体,震后3年间受降雨影响下坡面泥石流频发,严重威胁景区恢复重建。为了研究坡面径流冲刷对崩滑堆积体启动的影响,基于2017－2020年的持续跟踪调查与高分辨率遥感影像解译,利用现场冲刷试验及原位监测,分析了径流冲刷条件下堆积体的渗流响应特征、侵蚀运移过程及冲刷启动机制。结果表明：（1）冲刷过程中坡面物质以下蚀、面蚀、溯源侵蚀及侧蚀为主,湿润锋下移致使坡体内体积含水率与孔隙水压力增大,达到峰值后处于动态稳定状态,而基质吸力则先小幅度波动后不断减小。（2）崩滑堆积体具有坡度陡、土体孔隙间细粒含量多、渗透性良好且抗冲刷能力弱等特征,在强烈的水动力条件下启动演化过程为先期渗透→铲刮滑流→快速堆积→局部饱和侵蚀?稳定。（3）不同饱和状态下堆积体启动的力学分析与现场试验监测结果较为一致,并结合冲刷试验成果认为,土体含水率升高、孔隙水压力急剧增大、基质吸力快速减小与高强度径流冲刷是堆积体启动之机制所在。该研究结果对于震后泥石流活动的长期效应预测与生态治理具有重要意义。     

雅鲁藏布江色东普沟冰崩—堵江—溃决灾害数值模拟

为了揭示雅鲁藏布江色东普沟2018年10月17日冰崩—堵江—溃决灾害链的动力演化过程,基于Massflow数值模拟仿真平台,使用Fortran编程语言,根据研究区域地质条件特征对程序进行二次开发以优化Voellmy模型,模拟冰崩—泥石流动力过程;将模拟泥石流得到的堰塞坝体嵌入地形中,运用ArcGIS计算堰塞湖范围及体积,通过Manning模型模拟堰塞湖溃决洪水动力过程。采用分段模拟法再现冰崩—泥石流—堵江—堰塞湖—溃坝的完整动力过程,对泥石流运动过程中的流速、流深,坝体高度,溃决洪水的流深、流速等参数进行定量化研究,为色东普流域的防灾减灾工作提供有效支撑。为了揭示雅鲁藏布江色东普沟2018年10月17日冰崩-堵江-溃决灾害链的动力演化过程,采用Massflow数值模拟仿真平台,以Fortran语言为编程手段,根据研究区域地质条件特征对程序进行二次开发优化Voellmy模型,模拟冰崩-泥石流动力过程;将模拟泥石流所得到的堰塞坝体嵌入地形中,采用ArcGIS计算堰塞湖范围及体积,通过曼宁模型模拟堰塞湖溃决洪水动力过程。采用分段模拟法再现冰崩-泥石流-堵江-堰塞湖-溃坝的完整动力过程,对泥石流运动过程中的流速、流深,坝体高度,溃决洪水的流深、流速等参数进行定量化研究,为色东普流域的防灾减工作提供有效支撑。     

Testing coral paleothermometers (B/Ca,Mg/Ca,Sr/Ca,U/Ca andδ18O) under impacts of large riverine runoff

Sea surface temperature (SST) proxies including B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca andδ18O were analyzed in the skeleton of aPorites coral collected from the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Estuary (ZRE). These geo...     

Airborne laser altimetry survey of Glaciar Tyndall, Patagonia

The first airborne laser altimetry measurements of a glacier in South America are presented. Data were collected in November of 2001 over Glaciar Tyndall, Torres del Paine National Park, Chilean Patagonia, onboard a Twin Otter airplane of the Chilean Air Force. A laser scanner with a rotating polygon-mirror system together with an Inertial Navigation System (INS) were fixed to the floor of the aircraft, and used in combination with two dual-frequency GPS receivers. Together, the laser–INS–GPS system had a nominal accuracy of 30 cm after data processing. On November 23rd, a total of 235 km were flown over the ablation area of Glaciar Tyndall, with 5 longitudinal tracks with a mean swath width of 300 m, which results in a point spacing of approximately 2 m both along and across track. A digital elevation model (DEM) generated using the laser altimetry data was compared with a DEM produced from a 1975 map (1:50,000 scale — Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM), Chile). A mean thinning of − 3.1 ± 1.0 m a^− 1 was calculated for the ablation area of Glaciar Tyndall, with a maximum value of − 7.7 ± 1.0 m a^− 1 at the calving front at 50 m a.s.l. and minimum values of between − 1.0 and − 2.0 ± 1.0 m a^− 1 at altitudes close to the equilibrium line altitude (900 m a.s.l.). The thinning rates derived from the airborne survey were similar to the results obtained by means of ground survey carried out at  600 m of altitude on Glaciar Tyndall between 1975 and 2002, yielding a mean thinning of − 3.2 m a^− 1 [Raymond, C., Neumann, T.A., Rignot, E., Echelmeyer, K.A., Rivera, A., Casassa, G., 2005. Retreat of Tyndall Glacier, Patagonia, over the last half century. Journal of Glaciology 173 (51), 239–247.]. A good agreement was also found between ice elevation changes measured with laser data and previous results obtained with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data. We conclude that airborne laser altimetry is an effective means for accurately detecting glacier elevation changes in Patagonia, where an ice thinning acceleration trend has been observed during recent years, presumably in response to warming and possibly also drier conditions.     

塔里木河流域2004年"四源一干"河川径流情势及输水运行分析

2004年塔里木河流域平原的年平均气温特高,山区偏高.平原与山区年降水量均正常略偏多,流域内春夏季0℃层高度偏低.2004年塔里木河四条源流出山口天然径流量224.0×108m3,属平水年.天山南坡的河流水量偏丰,阿克苏河偏多15.9%,为丰水年;开都河-孔雀河偏多4.2%,为平略偏丰水年.而喀喇昆仑山及昆仑山北坡的河流水量均少于多年均值,如叶尔羌河偏少10.8%,为偏枯水年;和田河偏少17.9%,为枯水年.四条源流阿克苏河、和田河、叶尔羌河、开都河-孔雀河入塔里木河总水量为27.02×108m3,占四条源流出山口天然径流总量的12.1%,叶尔羌河全年无水输入塔里木河.2004年塔里木河干流上游段阿拉尔-英巴扎耗水量为19.19×108m3,是干流最大的耗水区段;中游段英巴扎-恰拉耗水量为7.530×108m3,为治理前的30.3%,是输水堤工程竣工和加强管理的效益.2004年4月22日至6月25日,实施了第6次从博斯腾湖向塔里木河下游应急输水,历时65 d从博斯腾湖调出水量1.600×108m3,大西海子水库泄洪闸向下游输水量1.020×108m3,水头再次到达台特玛湖,多年来的调水已使下游河段两岸生态环境有了明显改善.     

黄河入海径流变化及影响因素

黄河入海径流是黄河水循环的重要分量,涉及整个流域,它的变化是流域气候与人类活动的综合体现。以黄河入海口利津水文站1963～2009年实测径流量年均值为基础,采用随机水文学方法,对入海径流动态变化进行了分析;结合流域内7个径流来源区的78个气象站同时段月均降水和气温数据及流域内取水量和水利工程等资料,探讨了不同径流来源区的气候因素和人类活动对入海径流量的影响。结果表明:近50年来入海实测径流量呈显着下降趋势,且存在1968年、1985年、1996年与2002年这四个突变点;入海天然径流量同样呈显着下降趋势,只有1985年一个突变点。唐乃亥以上区间的降水量、兰州至龙门区间的气温以及龙门至三门峡区间的降水和气温是引起入海天然径流量变化主要因素;气温因素的季节性变化对入海天然径流量也有影响,其中夏季降水与冬季气温是重要的因素。自20世纪70年代以来,人类活动对入海径流量的影响不断加强,且在耗水量、水土保持及水利工程等方面表现出明显的空间差异。取水量、降水、气温对黄河入海实测径流量变化的贡献率分别为42.2%、39.2%、18.6%.     

福州晋安河沿岸区域地表径流中氮磷污染物的空间分布特征及来源分析

以福州市晋安河沿线区域为研究对象,采集区内地表径流样品,通过分析径流水样中全氮、全磷浓度,采用普通克里格法分析了地表径流中全氮、全磷的空间分布特征.结果表明,全氮是地表径流的主要污染物质,全磷除少部分地段超标外,总体上不构成污染;全氮、全磷的半方差函数用球状模型拟合的最好,其空间分布表现为各向同性;地表径流中全氮污染主要集中于管理条件落后的居民区、餐饮业集中的娱乐场所以及非城市主干道路.地表径流中的全磷主要分布在餐饮业集中区域及管理落后的住宅小区.福州城市地表径流的氮磷污染主要来自于居民的日常生活排污.     

三江源区径流演变及其对气候变化的响应(英文)

Runoff at the three time scales(non-flooding season,flooding season and annual period) was simulated and tested from 1958 to 2005 at Tangnaihai(Yellow River Source Region:YeSR),Zhimenda(Yangtze River Source Region:YaSR) and Changdu(Lancang River Source Region:LcSR) by hydrological modeling,trend detection and comparative analysis.Also,future runoff variations from 2010 to 2039 at the three outlets were analyzed in A1B and B1 scenarios of CSIRO and NCAR climate model and the impact of climate change was tested.The results showed that the annual and non-flooding season runoff decreased significantly in YeSR,which decreased the water discharge to the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River,and intensified the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin,but the other two regions were not statistically significant in the last 48 years.Compared with the runoff in baseline(1990s),the runoff in YeSR would decrease in the following 30 years(2010-2039),especially in the non-flooding season.Thus the water shortage in the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River Basin would be serious continuously.The runoff in YaSR would increase,especially in the flooding season,thus the flood control situation would be severe.The runoff in LcSR would also be greater than the current runoff,and the annual and flooding season runoff would not change significantly,while the runoff variation in the non-flooding season is uncertain.It would increase significantly in the B1 scenario of CSIRO model but decrease significantly in B1 scenario of NCAR model.Furthermore,the most sensitive region to climate change is YaSR,followed by YeSR and LcSR.     

典型海洋型冰川区消融期雪坑层位演变及离子沉积后过程初探

2006年4—7月,在玉龙雪山白水1号冰川消融区(P1)和积累区(P2)分别开挖雪坑连进行续观测,分析了海洋型冰川在消融期雪坑内各层位的物理变化以及各离子的沉积后过程.结果表明:海洋型冰川区雪坑的消融速率远大于大陆型冰川;随着消融的进行,雪坑中各种粒雪成分逐渐向粗粒雪转化,同时冰片数量增多以及含水层加厚,并且向雪坑底部移动.雪坑消融可以分为雪坑内部的细粒雪、中粒雪向粗粒雪转变,雪坑厚度变化不大以及雪坑厚度的快速变薄两个过程,P2处两消融过程转变时间比P1处大约推迟两个月.根据各种离子在P1处雪坑剖面的浓度变化,白水1号冰川积累区的淋溶序列为:K+SO42-NO3-Cl-Ca2+Mg2+Na+.由于海洋型冰川的消融期也是它的积累期,该序列中各离子的顺序不仅反映了融水淋溶作用的影响,同时反映了物质输入对雪坑内离子浓度变化的影响.