The significance of rock structure,lithology and pre‐glacial deep weathering for the shape of intermediate‐scale glacial erosional landforms

The main landforms within the glacially scoured Precambrian rocks of the Swedish west coast are closely connected to the principal structural pattern and have lately been explained as mainly a result of etch processes, probably during the Mesozoic and with a possible second period of etching during the Neogene. To explore the effect of multiple glacial erosion on the rock surfaces, an island with two different lithologies and with striae from different directions was selected for a detailed study, focusing on the shape of roches moutonnées. Air‐photo interpretation of bedrock lineaments and roches moutonnées combined with detailed field mapping and striae measurements are used to interpret the structural and lithological control on the resulting shape. The study reveals a significant difference in shape between roches moutonnées in augen‐granite and orthogneiss. Low elongated and streamlined roches moutonnées occur in the gneiss area, striated by a Late Weichselian ice flow from the NE. This ice flow is subparallel with both the local dominant trend of topographically well‐expressed joints and the schistosity of the gneiss. Frequently, there are no signs of quarrying on the lee‐sides of the gneiss roches moutonnées and hence they resemble the shape of whalebacks, or ruwares, as typically associated with the exposed basal weathering surface found in tropical areas. The granite roches moutonnées were formed by an older ice flow from the ESE, which closely followed the etched WNW–ESE joint system of the granite. Late Weichselian ice flow from the NE caused only minor changes of the landforms. On the contrary, marks of the early ESE ice flow are poorly preserved in the gneiss area, where it probably never had any large effect as the flow was perpendicular to both schistosity and structures and, accordingly, also to the pre‐glacial relief. The study demonstrates that coincidence between ice flow direction and pre‐glacially etched structures is most likely to determine the effects of glacial erosion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

导管架式海洋平台结构阻尼隔振体系及其减振效果分析

导管架式海洋平台结构是当前应用最广的一种平台结构形式。本文研究导管架式海洋平台结构阻尼隔振体系及其减振效果。针对导管架式海洋平台结构的型式与特点，为了充分发挥阻尼器的耗能减振作用，提出了在平台结构导管架端帽和甲板之间设置柔性阻尼层的新型阻尼隔振方案。针对渤海JZ20－2MUQ平台结构，建立了海洋平台结构阻尼隔振体系简化计算模型，研究了隔振层参数与结构阻尼比的关系以及它们对结构整体和隔振层层间相对位移的控制效果；进行了多种冰荷载工况和地震工况的数值模拟。结果表明，阻尼隔振方案是导管架式海洋平台结构的一种有效的减振措施。     

海洋平台结构振动的AMD主动控制参数优化分析

本文针对海洋平台结构的冰激振动和地震反应控制问题，提出了采用AMD主动控制的控制策略，结合JZ20－2MUQ平台结构进行了AMD控制系统的硬参数和软参数的优化分析，并就相应于最优参数下的AMD控制海洋平台结构冰激振动和地震反应的几种代表性工况进行了时程分析，得到了一些定性和定量的结论，为实际工程的控制设计提供了基础。本文提出的AMD主动控制方法对类似的海洋平台结构的控制问题也有参考价值。     

两个冰期-间冰期旋回的黄土记录及其古气候意义

北京邻区枣沟、斋堂和赤峰黄土－古土壤剖面粒度和磁化率变化在幅度和相位上都有明显的差异。在两个冰期－间冰期旋回，磁化率记录具有冰量变化模式，而粒度记录具有轨道周期特点，粒度和磁化率之间的相位关系在从冰期向间冰期转换和冰期向间冰期过渡的过程中，既有滞后也有超前的表现，很难单纯以成土作用来解释。由于黄土粒度主要反映粉尘源区环境和古风场强度的变化，而磁化率主要记录的是沉积区的成壤作用，反映夏季风的强度变化，因此剖面粒度和磁化率变化的不协调说明古风场和粉尘源区变化与粉尘沉积区气候变化之间不统一。这可能意味着控制夏季风强度变化和控制冬季风强度变化的机制存在差异。     

极地冰雪氢氧同位素指标及其指示意义

本文综述了水汽来源状况、降水季节变化、火山喷发、太阳活动等气候环境因素对极地冰雪中同位素含量的可能影响及其程度 ,以及降水区域不均衡性、降水年际不均衡性、逆温层和同位素在冰雪中的扩散迁移作用等几种不稳定因素可能对冰雪同位素分析造成的干扰 ;在此基础上 ,综述了极地冰雪中δ1 8O、δD和其差值d(d =δD - 8δ1 8O)与局部或全球气温之间的一些线性关系 (包括全球尺度 ,格陵兰地区 ,南极地区等 )及它们在空间分布上的变化规律     

云南省金沙江流域土壤流失方程研究

云南金沙江流域是长江中上游水土流失最严重的区域。本项研究以“通用土壤流失方程”(USLE)为蓝本,运用小区实验等手段,综合分析了各个侵蚀因子,建立了云南金沙江流域土壤流失方程A=R·K·LS·c·P,并确定了方程中诸因子的求算方法和数值,以及该流域土壤允许流失量,为方程的应用提供了基本的技术数据。同时,还进行了方程的检验,方程计算值与小区实测值的相对误差在6.3％以下,表明该方程在实际应用中是可靠的。该方程的建立,可为云南金沙江流域预测预报土壤侵蚀,制定土地合理利用规划方案、水土保持措施和土地生态安全格局提供了一套可靠的科学方法和依据。     

Gelifluction within a solifluction lobe in the Kärkevagge valley, Swedish Lapland

Soil displacement, soil temperature, depths of thaw plane and groundwater level were continuously monitored during the period from July 1999 to June 2000 within a solifluction lobe in the Kärkevagge valley, northern Sweden. The strain–probe method was used to measure soil displacement, and we found significant soil displacements in the thawing period 2000. These displacements were the result of gelifluction. The ice content profile showed that gelifluction occurred at the same time as the thaw plane reached the layers with high ice content at shallow soil depths (0–6 and 16–25 cm deep). In contrast, gelifluction did not occur when the thaw plane reached the layers with high ice content at greater depth (46–49 cm deep). These observations indicate that thawing of ice lenses in the near–surface layer triggers gelifluction.     

Detailed geomorphological survey of a small mountain drainage area, Abisko, northern Swedish Lapland

A thorough geomorphological survey of a small (2km²) drainage area has been conducted using digital magnification of aerial photographs in conjunction with field visits. The result presented is a geomorphological map where individual geomorphological features down to metre size can be identified. The study was done in connection with a project focusing on the relationship between geomorphological processes and lacustrine sedimentation. Good knowledge of the geomorphological setting and the related process activity in the catchment is important in studies using lacustrine sediments as environmental archives.
The survey reveals a small–scale geomorphology dominated by a number of different periglacial upfreezing forms together with bedrock–controlled slope processes. Three different geographically separated geomorphological assemblages were recognised with few sediment transportation pathways connecting them. Composition of substrate, soil water content and vegetation cover combined with different slope angles are probably the most important factors controlling the distribution of the geomorphological features.     

南极无冰区典型沉积环境石英砂表面结构特征及其在沉积环境识别中的应用

本文利用电镜扫描方法 (SEM)对比分析了南极乔治王岛无冰区海滩沉积、冰碛物以及阿德雷岛湖泊沉积等典型沉积环境中的石英砂表面结构特征 ,得出了乔治王岛各典型沉积环境中石英砂表面结构特征的颗粒频率曲线。结果表明 :不同沉积环境下的石英砂颗粒表面结构特征具有相似性 ,这主要和南极地区广泛发育的冰川作用有关 ,同时 ,它们也有各自典型的特征组合 ,这些典型特征组合的不同反映了石英砂后期的搬运历史和沉积环境的差异。本文还依据石英砂表面特征的颗粒出现频率 ,利用聚类分析方法对研究区内三级海岸阶地上的沉积物和一个未知成因的样品进行了沉积环境的判别分析 ,结果证明石英砂微形貌特征可以作为南极地区沉积环境识别的有效手段