Fusion of multi‐resolution surface (terrestrial laser scanning) and subsurface geodata (ERT,SRT) for karst landform investigation and geomorphometric quantification

A multi‐method research design based on terrestrial laser scanning, GIS, geophysical prospecting (electrical resistivity tomography, refraction seismics) and sedimentology is applied for the first time to investigate enclosed karst depressions in an integrated way. Fusing multi‐resolution surface and subsurface geodata provides profound insights into the formation, geometry and geomorphologic processes of dolines. The studied landforms, which are located in the Dikti Mountains of East Crete, are shown to be filled by loose sediments of thicknesses of up to 30 m that mainly consist of fine‐grained material overlying solid bedrock at depths below 35 to 45 m. By combining subsurface observations with geomorphometric calculations, local doline genesis can be traced back to initial collapse of fractured bedrock followed by subsequent infilling with colluvials. In order to define crucial methodological requirements and guidelines for data fusion, both the impact of different elevation models and the influence of data resolution are assessed. Surface volumes of depressions derived by the digital surface model are 7–21% higher than the results obtained from the terrain model due to vegetation. Similarly, estimates of infill volume calculated on the basis of geophysical outcomes and elevation data differ by up to 13%. Calculations of the landforms' current volumes (i.e. total surface and subsurface volume), however, are fairly insensitive to raster resolution. Hence, the distinct geomorphologic properties of landforms (e.g. shape, terrain roughness, slope inclination) substantially determine the geomorphometric analysis of both surface and subsurface data. As shown by the findings, data fusion to integrate digital terrain, geophysical and sedimentological datasets of varied resolutions benefits geomorphologic studies and helps provide a comprehensive image of landforms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂岩型铀矿含矿层中隔、夹层识别及厚度确定——以十红滩铀矿床为例

在利用综合测井资料,分析十红滩铀矿床含矿含水层的隔层、夹层物性特征的基础上,阐述了隔层、夹层的成因及其空间展布,并对其厚度进行了确定,讨论了隔层、夹层与砂岩型铀矿的关系以及对铀资源/储量估算和地浸工艺的影响。认为隔、夹层对层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿的形成和地浸开采有重要影响,同时其厚度的确定对于铀矿体的圈定和铀资源/储量的估算,具有重要的现实意义。     

永安盆地晚古生代—中—新生代沉积构造环境演化特征

永安盆地发育在前泥盆纪基底之上,位于华夏块体南缘,沿NE向政和—大埔断裂带展布。利用层序地层学方法,辅之以野外调查,研究了永安盆地的地层序列和岩石组合：① 对晚古生代至早三叠世地层格架及柱状剖面的分析表明,伴随海平面的升降,海相沉积序列具有阶段性,不同沉积相在盆地东、中、西区段分布不均,盆地沉积沉降中心大致位于龙岩和梅县地区;② 对横贯盆区的地质剖面及盆内辅助剖面的研究表明,中—新生代,盆内以断块作用为主,改造了晚古生代地层,代之以断褶复合地层;③ 有机碳质层为盆地的海陆变迁作了时域界定,并且其赋存部位和形态也在空间上表征了盆地构造演化的力学机制。通过分析构造事件、古地理及物源区、深部构造、边界构造等盆地要素,研究了盆地的沉积构造环境演化及其应力机制,结果表明：① 晚古生代,海进海退的快慢受控于不同时期构造事件的强弱变化,由此产生的沿岸隆起区的剥蚀以及拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀为盆地提供了物源,存在北、南两个物源区;中—新生代,盆地总体为火山活动背景下的山前及河湖相沉积环境。② 盆地具有隆起—伸展构造发育的特点,主要经历了华力西期海陆交互相巨厚沉积阶段,印支期稳定的台地向活动大陆边缘转变阶段并伴随挤压隆升,以及印支期后中—新生代由挤压向拉张机制转换的构造改造阶段。以上认识为中国东南部盆地的薄弱基础研究提供了新的基础参考信息。     

Mesozoic and early Cenozoic tectonic convergence-to-rifting transition prior to opening of the South China Sea

We have investigated Mesozoic geological problems around the South China Sea (SCS) based on gravimetric, magnetic, seismic, and lithofacies data. Three-dimensional analytical signal amplitudes (ASA) of magnetic anomalies clearly define the inland tectonic boundaries and the residual Mesozoic basins offshore. The ASA suggest that the degree of magmatism and/or the average magnetic susceptibility of igneous rocks increase southeastwards and that late-stage A-type igneous rocks present along the coast of southeast China possess the highest effective susceptibility. The geophysical data define Mesozoic sedimentary and tectonic structures and reveal four major unconformities [Pz/T–J, T–J/J, J/K, and Mesozoic/Cenozoic (Pz, Palaeozic; T, Triassic; J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous)], corresponding to regional tectonic events revealed by nine palaeogeographic time slices based on prior geological surveys and our new fieldwork. Showing both sedimentary and volcanic facies and regional faults, our palaeogeographic maps confirm an early Mesozoic northwestward-migrating orogeny that gradually obliterated the Tethyan regime, and a middle-to-late Mesozoic southeastward migration and younging in synchronized extension, faulting, and magmatism. Three major phases of marine deposition developed but were subsequently terminated by tectonic compression, uplift, erosion, faulting, rifting, and/or magmatism. The tectonic transition from the Tethyan to Pacific regimes was completed by the end of the Middle Triassic (ca. 220 Ma), reflecting widespread Mesozoic orogeny. The transition from an active to a passive continental margin occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma); this was accompanied by significant changes in sedimentary environments, due likely to an eastward retreat of the palaeo-Pacific subduction zone and/or to the collision of the West Philippine block with Eurasia. The overall Mesozoic evolution of southeast China comprised almost an entire cycle of orogenic build-up, peneplanation, and later extension, all under the influence of the subducting palaeo-Pacific plate. Continental margin extension and rifting continued into the early Cenozoic, eventually triggering the Oligocene opening of the SCS.     

深埋一维导体长度精确检定模拟试验

在岩土工程核算、竣工验收中遇到的锚杆或锚索等深埋一维良导体长度检定时,利用良导体直接充电和旁侧平行成孔(检定孔)电场测量的方式可以精确测量并给出检定结果.理论解析计算和水槽物理模拟试验表明,这种检定方法的测量精度受杆-孔相对距离和平行度的影响小,检定结果受旁侧无关良导体干扰小;在一个检定孔中可以对周围多根检定对象进行长度检测.这种有效的物探检测方法可以推广应用到良导体长度的精确检定中.     

综合物探方法在太原市蒙山采空区探测中的应用

针对太原市蒙山煤矿采空区地形起伏较大、需弯线测量等因素制约的特殊场地条件,提出了阵列形式观测的高密度电阻率法和单点测量方式的瞬变电磁法相结合的综合物探方法.前者二维异常反演分辨率较高,可弥补瞬变电磁法浅部探测盲区,后者具有探测深度大的优势,采用一维异常反演方式可弥补高密度电阻率法受剖面折线展布和地形起伏影响的缺点.由此查明了该矿区采空区的位置及分布情况,后期钻探验证表明所采用的综合物探方法是行之有效的.该综合物探方法组合模式实现了两种物探方法的优势互补,可为同类场地条件下探测煤层采空区提供有意义的借鉴.     

空地异常组合特征分析与找矿

根据航空物探资料及地面查证（包括地质观察、地面磁法、电法、化探等）资料,探讨了空地异常组合特征与铁及多金属矿产的关系。在综合分析的基础上,初步建立了利用空地异常组合特征寻找铁及多金属矿的分析方法,对于今后利用空地综合方法确定找矿目标具有一定的指导意义。     

青海省那陵郭勒河西铁多金属矿地质特征及高精度磁法应用

那陵郭勒河西地区处东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带,成矿地质条件优越。但该地区为荒漠戈壁景观,地表无岩石、矿化出露,覆盖较厚,一般为150～300m。通过高精度磁法测量并对磁异常钻孔验证,在深部发现较好的铁多金属矿体,初步了解了地质特征。铁多金属矿为矽卡岩型矿床,磁法工作在该地区取得了较好的效果。     

河南遂平石寨铺铁矿区地球物理特征及找矿远景

遂平石寨铺铁矿区位于河南省隧平县境内,属于沉积变质型铁矿,含铁层位是太古界太华岩群。依据地球物理特征及物探高精度磁法工作结果,与舞阳铁矿成矿条件对比,预测西北部找矿远景较好。     

南京地区地球物理场与地震构造稳定性

岩石圈的不均衡状态是地球物理场存在差异的原因,对区域地球物理场进行分析,可以了解岩石圈的不均衡及其构造活动的背景.本文在对南京地区地震地质环境分析的基础上,通过重力异常、地热场、深部速度结构、天然地震层析成像等地球物理资料进行系统分析,研究它们与本区地震构造稳定性的关系;分析研究地震活动,从现今地壳运动速度场与地壳形变...