EFFECT OF ENERGY DISPERSION ON THE STRUCTURE AND MOTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE*

The energy dispersion of a typhoon vortex and its effect on the typhoon motion are studied using an analytical method of double-Fourier expansion as well as a numerical model in a β-plane nondivergent barotropic framework.The analytic model and the linear version of the numerical model give essentially the same result:the energy dispersion from a tropical cyclone can creat an L-H-L wave train to the east of the tropical cyclone.Three numerical experiments,integrated for 7 model days by the nonlinear model,indicate that the closed high in the wave train produces obvious influence on the structure and movement of the tropical cyclone.     

Estimation of non-ergodic variograms and their sampling variance by design-based sampling strategies

Design-based sampling strategies based on classical sampling theory offer unprecedented potentials for estimation of non-ergodic variograms. Unbiased and uncorrelated estimates of the semivariance at the selected lags and of its sampling variance can be simply obtained. These estimates are robust against deviations from an assumed spatial autocorrelation model. The same holds for the variogram model parameters and their sampling (co)variances. Moreover, an objective measure for lack of fit of the fitted model can simply be derived. The estimators for two basic sampling designs, simple random sampling and stratified simple random sampling of pairs of points, are presented. The first has been tested in real world for estimating the non-ergodic variograms of three soil properties. The parameters of variogram models and their sampling (co)variances were estimated with 72 pairs of points distributed over six lags.     

Dispersion of seismic waves by a causal approach

Basic ideas of the causal approach to wave propagation in random media are first overviewed. This approach appeals from the outset to the linearity, causality, and passivity of the effective medium and is therefore particularly simple from the conceptual viewpoint. The energy analysis and the Kramers-Kronig relations play the major role in this method, which does not resort to ensemble averaging.Then the dispersion of plane wave propagation in randon media is evaluated by extending Wu's results on attenuation induced by scattering. These results are particularly suitable for seismic waves, for which the so-called mean-field approach may not provide adequate modeling. The presence of intrinsic losses is also incorporated. The analysis also includes the case of propagation of a small-amplitude discontinuity.     

多道瞬态面波勘探频散曲线唯一性问题

针对多道瞬态面波勘探在频率-波数域提取频散曲线会出现多解性这一现象进行了研究,并利用3种不同的激震方式在多处进行了对比试验,给出了不同激震方式在频率-波数域提取频散曲线唯一性的深度范围,认为频散曲线的唯一性是进行正确地质解释的依据。     

两种计算瑞利波理论频散曲线的传递法模拟对比

对目前计算层状介质中瑞利导波理论频散曲线的2类传递矩阵方法进行总结,分别利用2类传递矩阵方法对假定的层状介质模型进行模拟计算,比较了2类方法的特点。通过模拟计算结果可知,2类传递矩阵算法是一致的,但快速标量传递算法的计算速度比Abo-zena,Menke和Bixing Zhang等推导的传递矩阵算法快1倍多,并且其计算的稳定性和计算精度要优于后者,但在避免高频数值溢出方面,Bixing Zhang等推导的传递矩阵算法比快速标量传递算法要好。     

中国陆地基本地貌类型及其划分指标探讨

平原、台地、丘陵、山地等是地表最基本的地貌形态,这些名称不仅为专业领域广泛引用,也为普通人所知晓。近100年来多种地貌分类方案中都涉及这些地貌类型名称,有的称其为地貌"基本形态"。由于每种地貌形态都不仅包含形态特征,而且还有一定的成因意义,因此应称其为基本地貌类型。通过对已有的基本地貌分类及其划分指标进行系统分析和评估,认为中国陆地基本地貌类型按照起伏高度和海拔高度两个分级指标组合来划分的原则符合起伏复杂、多台阶中国地貌的基本特点。在传统的平原、台地、丘陵和山地分类的基础上,按起伏高度对山地进一步细分,即划分平原、台地、丘陵（<200m）、小起伏山地（200～500m）、中起伏山地（500～1000m）、大起伏山地（1000～2500m）和极大起伏山地（>2500m）等7个基本地貌"形态"。本文对前人以现代雪线、多年冻土下线和森林上线高度为依据确定地貌面海拔高度的分级指标进行了全面分析,由于它们的海拔高度在全国各地存在巨大差异,我们认为海拔高度等级指标并不符合中国实际。通过全国重点地区1∶500000地形图山地顶面海拔高度分布和1∶1000000国家数字高程模型（DTM）数据库编制的中国地面高程分布图进行较系统的分析,我们提出了应以1000m,2000m,4000m和6000m作为划分低海拔（<1000m）、中海拔（1000～2000m）、亚高海拔（2000～4000m）、高海拔（4000～6000m）和极高海拔（>6000m）地貌海拔高度分级指标。根据7个地貌起伏高度形态和5个海拔高度等级,将全国组合成从低海拔平原至极大起伏极高山28个基本地貌类型。     

The typology of the American metropolis: monocentricity,polycentricity, or generalized dispersion?

Although the spatial structure of employment in large US metropolitan regions is a well-researched topic, few studies focus on medium-sized and small US metropolitan regions. Consequently, there is no overall typology relating small-to-medium urban form to employment distribution. We address this gap by investigating the spatial structure of employment in 356 metropolitan regions. We conceptualize six typologies based on three categories that have overlapping properties: “monocentricity,” “polycentricity,” and “generalized dispersion.” The study has three main findings. First, the three types of urban form that we identify as “hybrid” outnumber the three “pure” types by almost four to one. Second, job dispersion is a dominant characteristic in almost 70% of all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) (including the hybrid types), and polycentricity (56.7% of MSAs) is somewhat more common than monocentricity. Third, there is a strong relationship between population size and density. The population of medium-sized metropolitan areas is generally more dispersed than that of small and large metropolitan areas. Polycentricy emerges mostly in large metropolitan regions, while monocentrity is found in both small and large metropolitan regions.     

厦门浔江海域污染扩散数值模拟

本文采用ＡＤＩ活动边界潮流数值模拟模拟了厦门浔江海域的潮流，计算的结果与实测数据比较吻合。文中用欧拉污染扩散数值模型计算了从同安、集美、五通口排出的污染物（ＣＯＤ）对浔江海域的影响，同时采用拉格朗日污染扩散数值模型研究在湾口、集美和在北部的湾顶污染物瞬时排放后的运移情况。     

Impacts of in-stream aggregate mining on the distributary channels of the alluvial fans of Tafí valley (Northwest Argentina)

In-stream mining is a common aggregate mining practice around the world. However, the impacts of such practice are not always taken into account when the mines are established, and the environmental cost of in-stream aggregate mining is generally not assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of aggregate mining conducted in La Puerta River (Tafí valley, Northwest Argentina), a dry-pit in-stream mine, by considering the geomorphological, geoarchaeological, and human effects. Multitemporal analysis of the area using remote sensors (aerial photographs and satellite images 1970–2020), high-resolution drone digital elevation models and orthomosaics (2018–2019), and an intensive survey demonstrated that the mining area grew exponentially between 2002 and 2020 under unregulated mining. As a result, this practice exerts great environmental impact, including channel section alterations and destabilization of riverbanks, soil loss, river profile changes, and the formation of lag deposits of discarded materials, thus increasing environmental hazard under unpredictable flows. Finally, this is a highly touristic area that has suffered substantial landscape degradation and irreversible archaeological damage.