A New Index Developed for Fast Diagnosis of Meteorological Roles in Ground-Level Ozone Variations

China experienced worsening ground-level ozone(O₂) pollution from 2013 to 2019. In this study, meteorological parameters, including surface temperature(T₂), solar radiation(SW), and wind speed(WS), were classified into two aspects,(1) Photochemical Reaction Condition(PRC = T₂× SW) and(2) Physical Dispersion Capacity(PDC = WS). In this way, a Meteorology Synthetic Index(MSI = PRC/PDC) was developed for the quantification of meteorology-induced ground-level O₂pollution. The positive linear relationship between the 90 th percentile of MDA8(maximum daily 8-h average) O₂concentration and MSI determined that the contribution of meteorological changes to ground-level O-3 varied on a latitudinal gradient, decreasing from ~40% in southern China to 10%–20% in northern China. Favorable photochemical reaction conditions were more important for ground-level O₂pollution. This study proposes a universally applicable index for fast diagnosis of meteorological roles in ground-level O₂variability, which enables the assessment of the observed effects of precursor emissions reductions that can be used for designing future control policies.     

热带扰动与远距离暴雨关系的统计分析与数值试验

对2006—2011年5—9月90~150°E、0°~50°N范围内远距离暴雨进行统计与合成分析,并选取典型个例进行诊断分析与数值试验,研究结果表明:1)在有利的大气背景下,强度较低的热带扰动也可以与中纬度系统共同作用引发远距离暴雨,对统计得出的21例依据水汽通道的类型分为3类:S型水汽通道、双水汽通道和西北向型水汽通道,其中S型水汽通道发生次数最多。2)低空急流合成分析表明,不论扰动强弱,热带扰动东侧的偏南低空急流是形成远距离暴雨的关键,是联系中低纬度系统的纽带和桥梁,对S型的个例进行诊断分析与数值试验也进一步显示,热带扰动东侧低空急流是中纬度暴雨区水汽输送的主要通道,偏南低空急流的强弱是影响远距离暴雨强度的主要因子之一。3)敏感性试验结果表明,热带扰动也可以引起Rossby波能量向东北方向传播,其强度与扰动强度成正比,从而改变远距离降水分布;去除热带扰动则无法形成波列,不利于能量的传播与远距离降水发展。     

Forty‐Nine Major and Trace Element Concentrations Measured in Soil Reference Materials NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a Using ICP‐MS and Wavelength Dispersive‐XRF

Excellent agreement was noted in the concentration of major and trace elements in five NIST (National Institute for Science and Technology) soil reference materials (NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a) between measurement results from wavelength dispersive‐XRF and ICP‐MS from two independent laboratories, and NIST certificate of analysis and literature data. We describe the variability in concentrations of up to forty‐nine elements (plus loss on ignition) and provide values for up to twenty‐one elements previously uncharacterised by NIST in these soil RMs. The additional characterisation provided in this investigation can be utilised to reduce the measurement bias of custom calibration routines and improve the quality of control checks developed using these NIST RMs.     

Contamination of soil and grass in the Tsumeb smelter area,Namibia: Modeling of contaminants dispersion and ground geochemical verification

The area of the city of Tsumeb in northern Namibia is strongly affected by gaseous emissions and by dust fallout from the local smelter. This is also reflected in increased concentrations of lead and arsenic in blood and urine of the residents. Consequently, modeling of the dispersion of dust and SO₂ emissions from the smelter was used in this study to delineate the contaminated area and to assess the health risks. The modeling results were verified by ground-based geochemical survey of soil and grass in the area. The results of modeling revealed that the concentrations of SO₂ in the Tsumeb town were relatively low, whereas the highest dust fallout concentrations were found around the Tsumeb smelter. The Tsumeb town residential area was less affected due to favorable landscape morphology between the smelter and the city (the Tsumeb Hills).The results of modeling of dust fallout and geochemical survey coincided very well. Since the anthropogenic contamination was bound only to the surface layer of soil, the local soils were sampled at two depth horizons: topsoil and the deeper soil horizon. This enabled us to distinguish between the anthropogenic contamination of soil surface from natural (geogenic) concentrations of studied metals in the deeper part of the soil profile. Concentrations of metals in grass correlated with the concentration of metals in topsoil.In contrast to a good conformity with the modeling of dust fallout from the smelter and geochemical survey, the results of modeling of SO₂ contents in the air, and total sulfur content in soils were different. Differences can be explained by additional sources of contamination, as for example a sulfate-rich dust fallout from local tailings ponds and slag dumps that were not considered in the SO₂ dispersion model.The results of the present investigation can be used by the mining companies in the management of air quality, assessment of the efficacy of applied remediation measures, and in reducing the impact of dust fallout on the local ecosystem. The Municipal Administration may use these results to plan further development of the city of Tsumeb, especially in terms of further expansion of housing construction.     

从Rossby波能量频散理论到准定常行星波动力学研究的发展

本文是为纪念叶笃正院士诞辰百周年和他对大气动力学发展的重大贡献而撰写的.叶先生在20世纪40年代所提出的罗斯贝波能量频散理论不仅至今仍广泛应用于天气预报,而且开创了准定常行星波动力学的研究.在罗斯贝波频散理论的启迪和引领下,行星波动力学和大气环流异常遥相关的研究取得重要进展.特别是关于准定常行星波在二维和三维球面大气的传播特征以及北半球夏季大气环流异常的EAP(East Asia-Pacific)型和"丝绸之路(Silk Road)"型遥相关及其机理已做出系统的研究,本文简要地回顾这些研究.并且,本文还回顾了在叶先生所提出罗斯贝波能量频散理论的引领下,近年来我们关于东亚冬、夏季风和我国气候灾害的年际和年代际变化的内动力学机理研究所取得的进展.     

Characteristics of whistler ducts recorded at Gulmarg

Morphological features of whistlers recorded at low latitude ground station Gulmarg (geomag. lat., 24 26N) are studied to deduce information about ducts. The morphological characteristics of low latitude whistlers are discussed and compared with the characteristics of middle and high latitude whistlers. The maximum electron density (N _m ) at the height of the ionosphere obtained from whistler dispersion comes out to be higher than that of the background, which is in accordance with the characteristics of the whistler duct. The equivalent width of the whistler duct at the maximum height of its path is found to be close to the value obtained from satellite observations. The characteristics of whistler ducts in low latitude ionosphere are similar to those in middle and high latitude ionosphere. The width of ducts estimated from the diffuseness of the whistler track observed during magnetic storm is found to lie in the range of 50–200 km.     

A Study of Concentration Fluctuations in Instantaneous Clouds Dispersing in the Atmospheric Surface Layer for Relative Turbulent Diffusion: Basic Descriptive Statistics

A series of tracer experiments studying the statistical properties of concentration fluctuations in clouds dispersing in the atmospheric surface layer is described and analyzed. Experiments were conducted at downwind fetches between about 200 and 1200 m, under a wide range of atmospheric conditions ranging from very unstable to moderately stable stratification. The present experiments have addressed basic requirements not met by past field experiments involving instantaneously released clouds; namely, the experiments provided repeat realizations of instantaneously released clouds measured with high-resolution concentration detectors, accompanied by the contemporaneous acquisition of high-quality meteorological and turbulence measurements.Extensive analyses are performed on the cloud concentration data in the framework of relative diffusion. Ensembles of cloud concentration realizations have been constructed. From these ensembles, crosswind and time profiles of the ensemble-mean concentration, concentration variance, ensemble-mean dosage, and dosage variance are obtained. The behaviour of the time profiles of the integral time scale of cloud concentration fluctuations is studied. The use of surface-layer similarity theory for the analysis of the downwind variation of a number of cloud quantities (e.g., cloud size and duration, cloud centre ensemble-mean concentration and dosage, cloud centre concentration and dosage variance, cloud centre integral time scale) is shown to be an effective basis for ordering these quantities. Furthermore, a number of approximate universal relationships describing the behavior of these cloud quantities has been derived. Finally, it is shown that the scaled crosswind and time profiles of ensemble-mean concentration and concentration variance as well as the scaled time profiles of the concentration fluctuation integral time scale exhibit self-similar forms that are independent of atmospheric stratification and downwind fetch.     

地震数据处理中的高频速度分析研究

地震波传播过程中的频散现象造成不同频率的波在地层中传播的速度不同，应用不同频率的数据进行速度分析荻取的速度值也有所差异。速度分析的精度依赖于最大炮检距处的剩余时差与反射波视周期的比值。从理论模型数据出发，对不同频带的数据进行速度分析研究，以说明频带范围对速度精度的影响。实际数据试验结果表明，在静校正问题基本解决、高频记录信噪比较高的前提下，将数据中的高频成分用于速度分析可获得较高的速度精度和分辨率。     

单裂隙介质中的溶质运移研究综述

总结了有关单裂隙介质中溶质运移的基本特点和实验研究的成果,得出影响单裂隙介质中溶质运移的几个重要因素,例如骨架扩散、弥散、表面吸附等,介绍了几个具有代表性的数学模型,同时对模型的有效性和局限性进行了初步讨论.