Physical and Human Factors Influencing Potential Fish Habitat Distribution along a Mountain River, France

Potential fish habitat along the Drôme River, France, is a function of the distribution of large woody debris, boulders, undercut banks, gravel substrate, and pools. The distribution of these features is, in turn, a function of channel geomorphology, watershed and riparian forest characteristics. We conducted field work and analysed aerial photographs for 190 elementary segments of 500 m length along the Drôme River's 95 km course from the Alps westward to its confluence with the Rhône River near Loriol. The Drôme River does not follow the classic pattern of a monotone downstream decrease in gradient and change in channel characteristics. Although channel gradient, braided index and channel incision all decrease downstream, stream power is independent of longitudinal distance. These variables are largely controlled by geomorphic, human or hydrologic factors at the reach scale. Potential fish habitat richness decreases downstream, but individual habitat variables affecting habitat richness do not necessarily decrease downstream, many being controlled by local factors rather than by position along the continuum. Large woody debris is more abundant in braided reaches located directly downstream of confluences with main tributaries or downstream input sites. Boulders are most abundant downstream of failed bank protection works or in gorges. To improve fish habitat in the Drôme River, we recommend taking a long-term and large-scale perspective. Because structures placed in this unstable channel are likely to be washed downstream, we propose to emulate natural river dynamics and to permit large woody debris to enter the channel in unstable reaches via bank erosion, and that this debris not be removed (as is routinely done now) but permitted to migrate downstream through the system, creating fish habitat en route.     

Properties of High-Order Finite Difference Schemes and Idealized Numerical Testing

Construction of high-order difference schemes based on Taylor series expansion has long been a hot topic in computational mathematics, while its application in comprehensive weather models is still very rare. Here, the properties of high-order finite difference schemes are studied based on idealized numerical testing, for the purpose of their application in the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES) model. It is found that the pros and cons due to grid staggering choices diminish with higher-order schemes based on linearized analysis of the one-dimensional gravity wave equation. The improvement of higher-order difference schemes is still obvious for the mesh with smooth varied grid distance. The results of discontinuous square wave testing also exhibits the superiority of high-order schemes. For a model grid with severe non-uniformity and non-orthogonality, the advantage of high-order difference schemes is inapparent, as shown by the results of two-dimensional idealized advection tests under a terrain-following coordinate. In addition, the increase in computational expense caused by high-order schemes can be avoided by the precondition technique used in the GRAPES model. In general, a high-order finite difference scheme is a preferable choice for the tropical regional GRAPES model with a quasi-uniform and quasi-orthogonal grid mesh.     

基于GIS的滑坡地质灾害地貌因素分析

基于ArcGIS平台, 利用SRTM-DEM数据资料, 选择青藏高原东缘及四川盆地为研究区, 提取了区内地形起伏度和坡度等地貌参数, 统计了区内2319个滑坡点的高程, 初步建立了地形地貌与滑坡灾害点分布之间的对应关系。结果表明, 研究区滑坡灾害点及其高程分布具有明显的区域规律性, 滑坡灾害点发生的高程为400~800m和1400~2000m, 这两个区间占研究区所有滑坡总数的40%和28%;滑坡所对应的地形起伏度主要在300~600m, 占研究区所有滑坡总数的48.68%;滑坡灾害发生的地形坡度为10°~25°, 占研究区所有滑坡总数的44.70%。研究发现, 这些地区对应的地貌类型主要是深切的"V"型河谷和山谷地貌。此外, 从断裂活动等方面分析了滑坡形成的动力机制。      

海冰对海浪影响研究综述

受全球气候变化的影响,极区海浪尤其是北极海浪在过去几十年发生了显著的变化,使得海冰边缘区海冰与海浪的相互作用愈发显著。本文从物理海洋学的角度出发,较系统地总结了海冰对海浪作用研究的国内外现状,从理论和实测的角度分别探讨了海冰对海浪能量的耗散及其引起的波动频散关系的变化,同时分析了当前海冰覆盖海域海浪的数值模拟与现场观测研究,指出了未来开展有冰海域海浪数值模拟与预报所面临的主要问题,并对该方向今后的研究做出展望。总体来看,尽管海冰对海浪作用的机理复杂且与海冰类型高度相关,但是海冰对海浪能量的衰减与传播距离基本呈指数关系,并且海冰会一定程度上影响海浪的传播速度。未来依然需要更多不同海冰类型下海浪的观测数据以开展进一步的机理分析、模型检验和参数校准,进而实现高精度的业务化预报。     

基于深度学习的西沙永乐群岛珊瑚礁遥感信息提取

珊瑚礁是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,对保护海洋生物多样性以及维持海洋生态平衡具有重大意义。我国南海珊瑚岛礁自然资源丰富,准确、高效地提取珊瑚岛礁信息对南海岛礁监测、管理、规划与保护具有现实意义。本研究基于我国海洋一号C卫星(HY-1C)遥感数据,对西沙永乐群岛珊瑚礁信息进行了研究与分析,提出基于HY-1C遥感数据的珊瑚礁地貌分类体系。采用全卷积神经网络U-Net模型,依次通过下采样、上采样操作提取西沙永乐环礁地貌特征,实现原始影像的像素级语义分割。结果表明：基于HY-1C数据建立的地貌分类体系对活珊瑚覆盖及珊瑚生长发育条件具有指示作用,提出的基于U-Net模型的珊瑚岛礁地貌信息自动提取方法,能够为我国南海珊瑚岛礁生态系统的全自动、大范围监测和评价提供相应理论基础,在珊瑚礁生态管理与评价中发挥关键作用。精度验证结果表明：U-Net模型可以有效提取珊瑚礁地貌信息,采用的地貌信息提取方法具备时空泛化能力,泛化精度高于80%。     

Morphological differentiation characteristics and classification criteria of lunar surface relief amplitude

Lunar landforms are the results of geological and geomorphic processes on the lunar surface. It is very important to identify the types of lunar landforms. Geomorphology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of morphological landforms on planetary surfaces. Elevation and relief amplitude are the most commonly used geomorphic indices in geomorphological classification studies. Previous studies have determined the elevation classification criteria of the lunar surface. In this paper,...     

利用面波频散反演场地参数的Occam法

将Constable等人1987在解释大地电磁测深资料时提出的Occam反演方法应用到面波频散反演之中，其思路是求满足一定的残差条件下的最光滑的模型。从文中反演的几组数据结果来看，该方法在面波反演中的应用效果是令人满意的。     

表面波谱分析影响因素研究

基于理论分析及数值计算,研究了频率分辨率、反射波等对谱分析影响,结果表明：频率分辨率会影响相位差曲线及相位差折迭数量;与振源相对的场地沟槽反射的瑞利波或分层界面的反射体波会使测点信号功率谱估计及计算的相速度-波长曲线出现扰动。通过细化技术及干扰信号切除方法可提高相速度计算精度。在低频域相位差折迭数无法统计时,用优化分析方法可以估计可能损失折迭数或额外多余的折迭数。     

中国大陆早古生代构造演化

中国大陆早古生代(中寒武世—早泥盆世)构造期以发生一系列各具特征、分布局限、准同时的构造事件为特征。它们与苏格兰—阿帕拉契亚的加里东事件完全不同,在中国大陆出现了西域板块完成拼合,华夏板块构成统一结晶基底,南扬子板块广泛发育板内褶皱,此时还形成了阿尔泰—额尔古纳碰撞带等重要构造事件,而以中朝和北扬子板块为代表的其他板块则主要表现为稳定沉积,地块运移,并呈离散状态。阿尔泰—额尔古纳带、西域板块、华夏板块以及南扬子板块存在板块汇聚、碰撞或地壳缩短的特征,而中朝、北扬子、羌塘、冈底斯、喜马拉雅等地块则以稳定、离散为主要特征。绝大多数板块基本上保持孤立和离散的状态,这是早古生代中国大陆各个地块构造演化特征截然不同的主要原因。     

东天山某金矿点原生晕分析及找矿预测

文章基于对东天山某金矿点的元素背景分析和R型聚类分析发现,区内的金元素是区域背景值的52.33倍,变异系数为1.03,呈强富集、极不均匀分布,这表明区内金元素离散程度高,迁移、富集成矿的能力强;根据原生晕分带特征及分带模式,对12勘探线剖面深部矿体进行了预测靶区圈定。