Towards a functional typology of small-scale fisheries co-management informed by stakeholder perceptions: A coral reef case study

Co-management has gained significant traction in small-scale fisheries as part of the solution for resolving economic inefficiency, unsustainable harvesting and unequal distribution of benefits derived from fisheries, generating some promising results. Most studies, however, present co-management as the sharing of power between resource users and centralised government, and do not explicitly consider the role of a more diverse set of stakeholders, or what roles different stakeholder types are best positioned to perform. This paper contributes to our understanding of stakeholder diversity by determining, through surveys with 133 fishery stakeholders in Solomon Islands, which stakeholder types are perceived as most suited to particular co-management roles, and which stakeholder types should be collaborating to increase fishery stocks. The effect of respondent socio-demographics, on perceived roles, is tested to explore the value of the role typology. Ten dominant roles were identified across seven stakeholder types, including collaboration and raising awareness, which were perceived to be dominantly the domain of auxiliary stakeholders that are not explicitly recognised in the co-management literature, including NGOs and church leaders. Of the socio-demographic variables tested, only site explained some of the variation in stakeholder roles perceived by respondents. The primary value of the typology lies in its potential to be used as a basis for dialogue on strengths and weaknesses of allocated roles for increasing fish stocks in existing co-management systems.     

Test of statistical means for the extrapolation of soil depth point information using overlays of spatial environmental data and bootstrapping techniques

Hydrological modelling depends highly on the accuracy and uncertainty of model input parameters such as soil properties. Since most of these data are field surveyed, geostatistical techniques such as kriging, classification and regression trees or more sophisticated soil‐landscape models need to be applied to interpolate point information to the area. Most of the existing interpolation techniques require a random or regular distribution of points within the study area but are not adequate to satisfactorily interpolate soil catena or transect data. The soil landscape model presented in this study is predicting soil information from transect or catena point data using a statistical mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean) to calculate the soil information based on class means of merged spatial explanatory variables. A data set of 226 soil depth measurements covering a range of 0–6·5 m was used to test the model. The point data were sampled along four transects in the Stubbetorp catchment, SE‐Sweden. We overlaid a geomorphology map (8 classes) with digital elevation model‐derived topographic index maps (2–9 classes) to estimate the range of error the model produces with changing sample size and input maps. The accuracy of the soil depth predictions was estimated with the root mean square error (RMSE) based on a testing and training data set. RMSE ranged generally between 0·73 and 0·83 m ± 0·013 m depending on the amount of classes the merged layers had, but were smallest for a map combination with a low number of classes predicted with the harmonic mean (RMSE = 0·46 m). The results show that the prediction accuracy of this method depends on the number of point values in the sample, the value range of the measured attribute and the initial correlations between point values and explanatory variables, but suggests that the model approach is in general scale invariant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rates of Geologic Processes: Problems for an Introductory Geology Course

Geologic processes occur over a range of time scales. Introductory geology courses should provide students with an understanding of earth processes as well as the rates at which these processes operate. Three quantitative problems involving the rate of radioactive decay, the movement of groundwater pollution, and the rate of erosion in the Himalayas are described. These problems require students to graph data, understand units and orders of magnitude, manipulate equations, and put numerical answers into a broader geologic context.     

Effects of Highly Permeable Geological Discontinuities upon Groundwater Productivity and Well Yield

It is generally understood that groundwater flow is greatly affected by linear features associated with geologic structures such as fractures, faults, lithologic boundaries, and fold axes. In crystalline rock aquifers, such geologic structures seem to be closely related to large-scale groundwater flow field and well productivity. However, quantification of how the structures are related with the flow and well productivity is not so simple, because it involves many factors of hydraulic properties and flow phenomena. This study proposes a semianalytical method to analyze the effects of highly permeable geologic discontinuities on the groundwater flow system. Effects of geological discontinuities on groundwater productivity are interpreted from the geometry of linear geologic features by the conformal mapping of the spatial distribution function. The proposed method is compared with the numerical methods, and the applicability and usefulness of the method to delineate high well yield areas from a limited number of well productivity measurements is discussed.     

矿山地质环境问题及防治对策

论述了矿业开发对大气环境、水文系统、土地资源的影响及引起的地质灾害，根据矿山地质环境质量评价，提出保护与防治矿山地质环境。实施清洁生产工艺，预防和减少污染。采用先进治理技术修复环境污染，走绿色矿业之路。     

四川荥经县羊儿窝铅锌矿床成矿规律分析

羊儿窝铅锌矿床产于花岗岩与白云岩的不整合面附近破碎带内,矿体呈透镜状、扁豆状、似层状;矿石类型为方铅矿、闪锌矿;铅锌的形成与断裂构造、热液活动、生物活动等有非常密切的关系,矿床成因为热卤水型铅锌矿床。     

福建光泽羊角尖锌多金属矿地质特征及成因探讨

光泽羊角尖锌多金属矿产于加里东期片麻状花岗闪长岩与晚元古代下峰组接触带及下峰组黑云斜长变粒岩中,目前发现的2个矿体,呈似层状、脉状产出.根据矿石矿物组合特征、结构构造及蚀变类型,分析认为矿体与硅化、黄铁矿化、绿帘石化关系密切,属沉积变质-热液改造脉状矿床.     

3D seismic analysis of karstified interbedded carbonates and evaporites,Lower Permian Gipsdalen Group,Loppa High,southwestern Barents Sea

This paper presents a detailed seismic analysis of a hitherto undescribed Permian succession interpreted to consist of interbedded anhydrite and carbonate from the northern flank of the Loppa High, western Barents Sea. The Fafner succession forms a locally restricted transgressive unit down-dip on the rotated Loppa High. It is subdivided into four seismic sequences each interpreted to be composed of a basal transgressive anhydrite overlain by highstand carbonates. Fafner seismic sequences 2 and 3 include well-developed buildup complexes which in map view form polygonal patterns.Analysis of attribute maps indicates that the Fafner succession is overprinted by two dissolution systems related to two prominent events of subaerial exposure, creating numerous paleo-sinkholes, breccia-pipes, and collapsed composite cavern systems.The stratigraphical position of the Fafner succession, below the Mid Sakmarian – Artinskian Bjarmeland Group and above the Top Ørn unconformity, resembles that of the Lower Permian Gipshuken Formation on Spitsbergen, and the Fafner succession is thus regarded as its offshore equivalent.     

中国砂质海滩区域差异分布的构造成因及其堆积地貌研究

砂质海滩的形成与发育是联系地壳深部过程和地表过程的综合体现．本文根据中国沿岸砂质海滩分布状况调查结果,通过分析其分布规律与中国东部沿海中新生代构造地质分区不同海洋沉积环境的内在联系,探讨了砂质海滩区域性差异分布和堆积地貌的成因特点,从而为我国海岸资源利用的宏观配置和管理提供科学依据．研究得出：（1）中国沿岸砂质海滩的形成与发育受中新生代地质构造带控制,尤其受新构造期地壳断块升降活动差异性的影响,呈现出区域性富集的格局．（2）中国砂质海滩基本形成在构造隆起带岬湾沿岸,并且富集在其中新构造期处于上升区的海岸,这主要在于其区域性海岸环境具有形成砂质沉积的物质基础．（3）构造隆起带滨海泥沙的输沙途径及其再分配形式复杂多样,从而产生了各种不同的砂质海滩堆积地貌类型．（4）根据海岸地貌和沉积成因模式,将中国沿岸砂质海滩划分为岬湾海岸叠置沙体沉积形式、滨外坝沙体连续沉积形式和浪控三角洲平原岸改造沉积形式等3种基本模型．（5）沿海晚第四世纪古夷平地貌面与现代海平面相对高程分布的分析表明,山丘岬湾岸型砂质海滩主要形成在新构造运动下沉区段或构造相对稳定区段,而台地岬湾岸型和泻湖一沙坝岸型形成在上升区段,浪控三角洲平原岸型则分布在断块盆地．