WebGIS技术在气象网格产品精细化服务中的应用

数值模式已经成为天气预报业务发展的主要方向,数值模式计算产生各种气象网格产品。气象网格产品具有数据量大、更新频次快、专业性强等特点,需要借助专业工具软件进行处理,不能很好满足企业和社会用户使用的需求,应用范围受到极大的限制。面对气象网格产品专业化与气象数据应用需求简单化之间的矛盾,文章提出针对气象网格产品,尤其是实况网格产品和预报网格产品,采用互联网服务手段,通过对网格数据离散化处理的方法,空间化管理的方式,将WebGIS技术应用到气象网格产品服务中。用户在客户端只需要进行简单文字检索或者GIS图形检索,系统便可以实现对气象网格产品中的有效数据进行精细化抽取,最终实现服务精细。文中提出的数据处理方法,对不同行业间气象网格产品的应用起到指导作用。     

Behaviour of Fe-oxides relevant to contaminant uptake in the environment

The behaviour of Fe-oxides was investigated during precipitation and co-precipitation, phase transformation and dissolution, while their ability to adsorb and incorporate trace components was examined. Some samples were synthesised and studied under controlled laboratory conditions and other samples were taken from experiments designed to test the effectiveness of waste treatment strategies using iron. Surface-sensitive and high-resolution techniques were used to complement information gathered from classical, macroscopic methods.

Adsorption isotherms for Ni²⁺ uptake on synthetic ferrihydrite (Fe₅HO₈·4H₂O, often written simply Fe(OH)₃), goethite (-FeOOH), hematite (-Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) were all similar, increasing as expected at higher pH. Desorption behaviour was also similar, but one third or more of the Ni²⁺ failed to return to solution. In the past, “irreversible sorption” has been blamed on uptake into micro-fractures or pores, but during examination (using Atomic force microscopy, AFM) of hundreds of Fe-oxide particles, no evidence for such features could be found, leading to the conclusion that Ni²⁺ must become incorporated onto or into the solids. When solutions of Fe(II) are oxidised in controlled laboratory conditions or during treatment of ash from municipal waste incinerators, two-line ferrihydrite forms rapidly and on never-dried samples, AFM shows abundant individual particles with diameter ranging from 0.5 to several tens of nanometers. Aging in solution at 70°C promotes growth of the particles into hematite and goethite and their identification (by X-ray powder diffraction, XRPD, with Rietveld refinement) becomes possible at the same aging stage as mineral morphology becomes recognisable by AFM. In other experiments that were designed to mimic natural attack by organic acids, colloidal lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was observed in situ by AFM, while reductive dissolution removed material on specific crystal faces. Lath ends are eroded fastest while basal planes are more stable.

In order to help elucidate mechanisms of contaminant immobilisation by Fe-oxides, we examined samples from a reactive barrier made with 90% quartz sand, 5% bentonite and 5% zero-valent iron filings that had reacted with a solution typical of leachate from coal-burning fly ash using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Fe(0) oxidised to Fe(III), while soluble and toxic Cr(VI) was reduced to insoluble Cr(III). Chemical maps show Fe-oxide coatings on bentonite; Cr is associated with Fe-oxides to some extent but its association with Ca in a previously undescribed phase is much stronger. Other samples taken from municipal waste incinerator ash that had been treated by aeration in Fe(II) solutions were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Pb and some Zn are seen to be dispersed throughout two-line ferrihydrite aggregates, whereas Sn and some Zn are incorporated simply as a result of entrainment of individual ZnSn-oxide crystallites.

Geochemical speciation models that fail to account for contaminant uptake in solid solutions within major phases or as thin coatings or entrained crystals of uncommon phases such as those described here risk to underestimate contaminant retardation or immobilisation.     

基于多源海事数据的大型船舶精细化分段乘潮研究

针对大型船舶长航道乘潮进港窗口期时长不充足问题,本文提出了基于船舶自动识别系统（Automatic Identification System,AIS）数据、港口潮汐数据、官方电子海图数据和航道地理位置数据等多源海事数据的大型船舶长航道精细化分段乘潮模型。首先,基于AIS数据采用K中心点算法对大型船舶乘潮航行行为特征进行挖掘,识别出大型船舶乘潮航迹关键点,计算大型船舶乘潮航行行为变化关键船位点。接着,结合长航道地理环境特征和大型船舶航行行为特征对长航道进行精细化分段,在此基础上基于港口潮汐数据构建大型船舶精细化分段乘潮窗口期计算模型。其次,设计乘潮历时自适应排列算法求解大型船舶乘潮最长窗口期;然后,以黄骅港综合港区航道为例验证了本文所提出的精细化分段乘潮模型。最后,基于电子海图数据利用地理信息系统平台实现大型船舶精细化分段乘潮三维动态推演,进一步验证大型船舶精细化分段乘潮航行的安全性。结果表明,该模型能够有效增加大型船舶乘潮进港窗口期时长,提高大型船舶乘潮进港效率,可为港航管理部门制定大型船舶进港计划提供理论指导。     

珠穆朗玛峰高程测量

综合利用GPS定位、水准测量、三角测量、电磁波测距、重力测量、雷达测地及大地水准面精化等技术,精确确定了珠峰顶的高程和平面位置,实现了迄今为止对珠峰高程最为精确的测量。介绍了珠峰高程控制网和GPS控制网的测量概况,阐述了利用常规大地测量和GPS技术确定珠峰高程的数据处理方法以及局部重力场精化等技术,为进一步研究珠峰地区板块运动提供了良好基础。     

利用GOCE重力场模型确定全球稳态海面地形及表层地转流

稳态海面地形(MDT)是大地测量学家和海洋学家共同关心的一个重要物理量。该文基于WHU2009全球平均海面高模型和GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3纯GOCE重力场模型,采用几何法经高斯滤波处理后确定了全球稳态海面地形,与CLS09及DTU10M DTs相比,其差值均方根RMS均小于8 cm,表明该文结果具有较高的精度;根据地转流方程计算了相应的表层地转流,与GRACE重力场模型GGM03S结果相比,GOCE重力场模型所确定的表层地转流在墨西哥湾流、黑潮及厄加勒斯海流等海域均体现了更强的流速和更多的细部特征,验证了GOCE在洋流探测中的优势。