成矿系统：地球动力学的有效探针

笔者介绍了矿床研究促进地球动力学或大地构造研究突破的实例,证明成矿系统是理想的地球动力学探针。其原因之一是成矿系统往往由多种地质作用综合作用形成．更全面地记录了地质作用的信息;原因之二是矿床的研究程度高于其他类型的地质体．能够更准确地给卅地球动力学演化的信息。作为尝试,笔者初步建立了重要成矿系统与地球动力学背景之间的链接．提出了一些似可通过成矿系统研究而解决的重要科学问题。     

Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the east Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt: Characteristics and tectonic settings

The East Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt accommodates the largest Mo ore district in the world. It contains 8.43 Mt of proven Mo metal reserves which accounts for 66% of the total proven Chinese Mo reserves. The Mo ore district includes 24 deposits and 12 occurrences, with four major types of Mo mineral systems, i.e., porphyry, porphyry-skarn, skarn and hydrothermal veins. The latter can be further subdivided into quartz vein and carbonatite vein types. Although Mo mineralization in the belt began in the Paleoproterozoic (1680 ± 24 to 2044 ± 14 Ma), all economically significant deposits were formed during the Mesozoic. Re/Os dating of molybdenite has shown that there are three episodes of Mo mineralization, i.e., Late Triassic (233–221 Ma), Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (148–138 Ma) and Early to middle Cretaceous (131–112 Ma).Late Triassic Mo deposits developed as molybdenite–quartz veins and carbonatite vein types. Stable isotope systematics (C, O, S) and high contents of Re and Sr indicate that the carbonatite Mo veins are mantle-derived. Porphyry and porphyry–skarn Mo mineral deposits were formed in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and Early to middle Cretaceous. The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granite porphyries that are associated with the Mo deposits usually occupy less than 1.5 km² at the surface and are situated in the East Qinling area, far west of China's continental margin. On the other hand, the Early to middle Cretaceous batholiths and granite porphyries, , with associated Mo deposits are located in the Dabieshan area and eastern part of the East Qinling area. The Late Jurassic to Early Creataceous granitoids and related Mo deposits possibly formed in a back-arc extensional setting of the Eurasian continental margin, which was probably triggered by the oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate. The Early to middle Cretaceous batholiths and granite porphyries are linked to the tectonic regime of lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling and partial melting of the crust, induced by a change in Izanagi Plate motion parallel to the continent margin.In the East Qinling–Dabie belt there are vein type Pb–Zn–Ag deposits surrounding porphyry and/or porphyry–skarn Mo (W) deposits, forming well defined ore clusters. The same spatial arrangement (i.e., porphyry Mo stockworks and outlying Pb–Zn–Ag ore veins) is also observed at the deposit scale. Thus, Mo porphyry stockworks and distal polymetallic veins belong to the same ore system and may reflect an outward temperature decrease from the highly fractionated granite plutons. Both, porphyry stockworks and polymetallic veins, can be used as vectors for further prospecting.     

新疆和田县白龙山超大型伟晶岩型锂铷多金属矿床的发现及其意义

西昆仑-喀喇昆仑位于特提斯构造域北缘,该地区通过多年的基础地质调查和找矿勘查,已在铁矿、铅锌矿、锰矿等找矿方面实现了重大突破。项目组最近三年通过多次野外勘查、系统取样与室内化验分析,确认在新疆和田县喀喇昆仑腹地白龙山新发现了一处超大型锂铷多金属矿床。该矿床为花岗伟晶岩型,目前已确定含矿伟晶岩墙规模为长度3750 m,宽度46~165 m,其中I号矿带由3个巨大矿体组成,长990~1230 m,厚61.86~115.85 m,走向110°~120°,倾角65°~80°。3个主矿体Li_2O平均品位1.26%~1.60%,Rb_2O平均品位0.10%~0.12%,估算334资源量Li_2O为345.7647万吨,Rb_2O为17.682万吨,达到超大型规模,有望成为一个世界级规模的巨型锂矿床。白龙山超大型锂铷多金属矿床的发现,为整个西昆仑-喀喇昆仑地区稀有金属矿产找矿实现了重大突破,对喀喇昆仑锂稀有金属成矿带的确立奠定了坚实的基础,使该地区有望成为我国一个新的重要的锂资源基地。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

北衙金多金属矿床产出于滇西北富碱斑岩-多金属成矿带内。矿床严格受富碱斑岩及其成生的深大断裂构造控制,并发育热液交代现象,且在围岩内以产出充填型矿脉(囊)、交代型条带矿(似层状)为主,构成斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统,具超大型金矿床规模。本文利用Re-Os同位素定年方法首次对北衙铁金多金属矿床全矿段金属硫化物成矿年龄进行精确测定,获得5件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄为37.46~39.44 Ma,其加权平均年龄为(38.48±0.54)Ma,等时线年龄为(37.9±2.5)Ma,两者在误差范围内一致,与区域及区内富碱斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄基本保持一致;辉钼矿中Re含量主体26.84×10-6~43.15×10-6之间,指示其成矿物质来源于上地幔和下地壳,为壳幔混合源;两者均指示成矿作用与该时期具幔壳混合源性质的富碱岩浆浅成侵入关系密切。     

安徽铜陵凤凰山岩体LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

安徽铜陵是我国著名的铜—金多金属矿集区,区内广泛出露与成矿作用有着密切关系的中酸性侵入岩,其中,凤凰山岩体是区内出露面积最大的岩体,岩体周围分布着许多重要的铜、金、钼等金属矿床。为了探讨凤凰山岩体的成因及构造意义,本文对该岩体开展了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学等方面的研究。研究结果表明,该岩体主要由花岗闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩组成,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为140.6～144.7 Ma和142.2～143.4 Ma,反映岩体侵位时代为140.6～144.7 Ma。岩石主要由斜长石、石英、碱性长石组成,其次含角闪石、黑云母,副矿物为磷灰石、锆石等,岩体内部常见闪长质微粒包体。岩石的铝饱和指数A/CNK1.1,Na_2OK_2O,具Ⅰ型花岗岩特征。岩石的轻稀土元素富集而重稀土元素亏损,Eu呈较弱的负异常,富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,反映其源岩可能主要为壳幔混合源,形成岩体的岩浆是由古老地壳部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆与起源于富集地幔的富碱玄武质岩浆混合后形成。     

中国大陆活动构造基本特征及其对区域动力过程的控制

中国大陆活动构造的研究经历了近百年历程,特别是二十世纪八十年代以来取得了诸多研究成果和显著进展,大量的针对性、专业性、目标性极强的调查和综合性研究工作,奠定了中国大陆活动构造定量研究的基础成果。文章通过回顾活动构造研究历史,综合大量已有研究成果,总结了中国大陆活动构造的基本特征及其对区域动力过程的控制作用。综合认为,中国大陆特殊的构造位置,造就了复杂的构造格局,受不同方向板块运动的影响,致使现今活动构造的运动性质差异明显。从总体上看,中国大陆活动构造几何图像主要体现为由受控于区域性大断裂的不同性质和规模的活动构造共同构成。文章分区对活动构造的基本特征、几何图像、运动特征及对地震的控制作用进行了总结,并结合中国大陆动力学总体特征,以及活动构造对中国大陆构造变形和强震活动的控制作用,对重点区域动力过程及模式进行了总结。结合目前新技术和新方法的发展,对活动构造未来可能的研究方向和目标提出了展望。      

西昆仑山库地北岩体的地球化学特征及构造意义

运用主元素、微量元素及同位素地球化学方法对西昆仑地区库地北岩体的地球化学特征、源区、构造意义及成岩模式进行了系统的研究。研究表明,库地北岩体是个高钾的Ｉ型花岗岩岩体,其微量元素５和同位素组成表明,该岩体来源于陆壳岩石的部分熔融。其独特的微量元素分布特征以及与其共生的基性岩脉表明,该岩体形成于加里东末期一引张的构造环境。该期引张构造的识别为研究西昆仑地区构造演化历史提供了新的依据。     

Determination of the Neoproterozoic Shicaogou Syn-collisional Granite in the Eastern Qinling Mountains and Its Geological Implications

The Shicaogou granite has been identified as a magnesian (Fe-number=0.71-0.76), calcic to calc-alkalic (MALI=3.84-5.76) and peraluminous (ASI=1.06-1.13) granite of the syn-collisional S-type, with high SiO2(>71%), A12O3 (>13%) and Na2O+K2O (6.28%-7.33%, equal for NaO2 and K2O). Trace element and REE analyses show that the granite is rich in LILE such as of Rb, Sr, Ba and Th, and poor in HFSE like Yb, Y, Zr and Hf. Its Rb/Sr ratio is greater than 1; the contents of Nb and Ta, and the ratio of Nb/Ta as well as the REE geochemical features (e.g. REE abundance, visible fractionation of LREE and HREE and medium to pronounced negative Eu anomalies) are all similar to those of crust-origin, continent-continent syn-collisional granite. Moreover, the granite exhibits almost the same pattern as that of the typical continent-continent syn-collisional granite on the spider diagram and all samples fall within the syn-collisional granite field.The cathodoluminescence (CL) investigations have revealed that the zircon f     

造山带沉积盆地与大陆动力学

造山带原型盆地恢复是地质学研究的重要内容,是板块构造研究的难点与前沿,对于理解造山带演化及其大陆动力学具有重要意义.本文从原型盆地恢复的方法出发,评述了前人根据碎屑组成、元素地球化学和碎屑单矿物年代学来进行原型盆地恢复的原理、方法和效果.基于喜马拉雅造山带沉积盆地的实践,提出造山带原型盆地恢复的五个要素:盆地顶底界面、...     

洛川黄土地层的再划分及其L9、L15古环境意义的新解释

洛川剖面的午城黄土是可以在野外进行细分的,洛川的午城黄土含有18层古土壤和18层黄土。其中,S₁₅～S₂₃的土壤组合与前人划分的WS1相当,L₂₄与WL₁相当,S_{24～S28与WS2相当,L29与WL2相当,S29～S32与WS3相当,L33与WL3相当。黄土高原的两个粉砂层L9和L15,虽然形成于第四纪的冷期,但并非代表了第四纪时期最为干冷的气候条件。笔者的解释是:其形成与这两个时期青藏高原及其周边山体的快速隆升导致的沙漠和黄土物源的快速增加有关。特别是1.1MaB.P.前后(L15)的隆起,使中国黄土记录对全球变化的响应显著增强,也正是在这次运动之后,中国黄土古气候记录可以与深海氧同位素很好对比,而此前的午城黄土与深海对比困难}