Fast iterative solution of large undrained soil‐structure interaction problems

In view of rapid developments in iterative solvers, it is timely to re‐examine the merits of using mixed formulation for incompressible problems. This paper presents extensive numerical studies to compare the accuracy of undrained solutions resulting from the standard displacement formulation with a penalty term and the two‐field mixed formulation. The standard displacement and two‐field mixed formulations are solved using both direct and iterative approaches to assess if it is cost‐effective to achieve more accurate solutions. Numerical studies of a simple footing problem show that the mixed formulation is able to solve the incompressible problem ‘exactly’, does not create pressure and stress instabilities, and obviate the need for an ad hoc penalty number. In addition, for large‐scale problems where it is not possible to perform direct solutions entirely within available random access memory, it turns out that the larger system of equations from mixed formulation also can be solved much more efficiently than the smaller system of equations arising from standard formulation by using the symmetric quasi‐minimal residual (SQMR) method with the generalized Jacobi (GJ) preconditioner. Iterative solution by SQMR with GJ preconditioning also is more elegant, faster, and more accurate than the popular Uzawa method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

嘉陵江流域旅游开发

在研究嘉陵江流域旅游资源优势和开发现状的基础上，针对目前该流域旅游发展现状和存在的问题，提出了具体的应对措施，以期能为该流域的旅游开发提供参考。     

黄河中游岩土侵蚀问题及防治对策探讨

黄河中游出露地层岩性主要有古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩、石炭系和二叠系碎屑岩;中生界三叠系砂泥岩、侏罗系砂泥岩和白垩系砂泥岩;新生界古近系砂泥岩、新近系(原为第三系)红土及第四系风积黄土和现代风积沙。第四系黄土厚度大,结构松散,遇水易解体,具湿陷性,是黄河中游粗泥砂的主要物源;第四系风积沙分布于黄河中游北部,亦是黄河中游粗泥砂的主要物源。岩土侵蚀类型有五:一是风力侵蚀—风沙侵蚀;二是降雨对谷坡面的面状冲刷—坡面侵蚀;三是地表径流对谷底的侧蚀—沟谷侵蚀;四是滑塌对谷坡坡体的破坏—重力侵蚀;五是潜蚀。并对不同侵蚀类型提出了不同的防治对策。     

基于等距圆的极球面投影距离量测方法

研究了极球面投影海图上准确便捷地量测距离的方法。推导了极球面投影下大圆航线和等角航线的方程,形状分析表明极区宜采用大圆航线量测距离;根据极球面投影下直线的几何意义推导了其距离计算公式,距离差值分析表明可用直线代替大圆航线准确量测距离;根据极球面投影上小圆线投影为圆的性质,提出了一种基于等距圆的准确便捷的距离量测方法,以满足极球面投影海图的极区导航应用需要。     

改进的模糊聚类遥感影像分割

聚类是数据挖掘的重要分支之一,引入模糊理论的模糊聚类分析为显示数据提供了模糊处理能力,在许多领域被广泛应用。本文应用考虑邻域关系的约束模糊C均值(Fuzzy C-Means with Constrains,FCM_S)算法,将邻域像素引入到目标函数中,进而有效地利用邻域像素信息,提高分割精度。本文应用FCM_S算法对模拟彩色纹理图像进行分割,计算其混淆矩阵,定性定量地与FCM算法进行对比分析,证明了该算法的鲁棒性。     

BDS/GPS实时动态网络伪距差分定位

针对基于单基准站的伪距差分定位方法中,随着流动站与基准站距离的增加,大气误差相关性减弱,定位精度将会降低的问题,该文采用网络伪距差分方法,利用网络将多个基准站的伪距改正数实时传输给流动站,并内插流动站改正数,提高定位精度的同时扩大差分范围。实验表明,该方法提高了常规伪距定位精度,实现了实时分米级定位,可满足大多数用户的导航定位需求。     

一种基于PPI的高光谱数据矿物信息自动提取方法

本文通过分析PPI算法后续处理存在的问题,引入最大距离法(MD)实现基于PPI的端元自动分类,并将获得的未知端元在波谱库中遍历以匹配最佳地类,最终完成基于PPI端元的矿物信息的自动提取。实验采用美国内华达州Cuprite地区的机载AVIRIS和我国东天山地区的星载Hyperion高光谱遥感数据,利用IDL编程实现矿物信息的自动提取,通过对实验结果的比较分析,验证了本文方法的有效性和实用性。     

建立大型线路工程独立坐标系的方法

本文结合大型线路工程控制测量实例,分别对根据E1、E2、E3椭球建立适合大型线路工程独立坐标系的GPS方法进行阐述。应用实测数据对采用不同椭球作为投影面得到的平面距离进行比较,结果表明,应用区域性椭球建立的GPS平面控制网的控制测量成果适合国家测量规范的要求。     

How to compare movement? A review of physical movement similarity measures in geographic information science and beyond

In geographic information science, a plethora of different approaches and methods is used to assess the similarity of movement. Some of these approaches term two moving objects similar if they share akin paths. Others require objects to move at similar speed and yet others consider movement similar if it occurs at the same time. We believe that a structured and comprehensive classification of movement comparison measures is missing. We argue that such a classification not only depicts the status quo of qualitative and quantitative movement analysis, but also allows for identifying those aspects of movement for which similarity measures are scarce or entirely missing.

In this review paper we, first, decompose movement into its spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal movement parameters. A movement parameter is a physical quantity of movement, such as speed, spatial path, or temporal duration. For each of these parameters we then review qualitative and quantitative methods of how to compare movement. Thus, we provide a systematic and comprehensive classification of different movement similarity measures used in geographic information science. This classification is a valuable first step toward a GIS toolbox comprising all relevant movement comparison methods.     

测距定位方程非线性平差的封闭牛顿迭代公式

测距方程;非线性强度;最小二乘;高斯-牛顿法;牛顿法;病态方程