A model for the seismic analysis of a periodic viaduct when considering the pile–soil–structure interaction

In this study, a new model is developed for the aseismic design of a periodic viaduct when the pile–soil–structure interaction is considered. To account for the influence of the pile–soil–structure interaction, a wavenumber domain boundary element method (WDBEM) model for the periodic pile row supporting the viaduct is developed using the sequence Fourier transform as well as the boundary element method for the elastic medium. By using the WDBEM model for the pile row, the transfer matrices for the beams and piers, the joint conditions at the beam–beam–pier (BBP) junction as well as the periodicity condition for the viaduct, the wavenumber domain response of the periodic viaduct to spatially harmonic waves is determined. Based on the wavenumber domain response of the viaduct, the space-domain response of the viaduct to an arbitrary seismic wave can be obtained by invoking the inverse sequence Fourier transform method. Numerical results show that when the periodic viaduct is exposed to the spatially harmonic wave, resonances may occur at the bounding frequencies of the passbands of the characteristic waves of the viaduct. Also, it is found that the coincidence between the traveling seismic wave and characteristic waves of the viaduct will generate additional resonant frequencies located in passbands of the characteristic waves.     

Effects of soil–structure interaction on seismic base isolation

The effects of soil–structure interaction on the performance of a nonlinear seismic base isolation system for a simple elastic structure are examined. The steady-state response of the system to harmonic excitation is obtained by use of the equivalent linearization method. Simple analytical expressions for the deformation of the base isolation system and of the superstructure at resonance are obtained in terms of an effective replacement oscillator characterized by amplitude-dependent frequency, damping ratio, and excitation. Numerical results suggest that the seismic response of a structure resting on an inelastic base isolation system may be larger when the flexibility of the soil is considered than the corresponding response obtained by ignoring the effects of soil–structure interaction. It is shown that, in the undamped case and in the absence of soil–structure interaction effects, a critical harmonic excitation exists beyond which the steady-state resonant response of the isolators and structure become unbounded.     

非稳态地震稀疏约束反褶积研究（英文）

传统Robinson褶积模型主要受缚于三种不合理的假设,即白噪反射系数、最小相位地震子波与稳态假设,而现代反射系数反演方法（如稀疏约束反褶积等）均在前两个假设上寻求突破的同时却忽视了一个重要事实：实际地震信号具有典型的非稳态特征,这直接冲击着反射系数反演中地震子波不随时间变化的这一基础性假设。本文首先通过实际反射系数测试证实,非稳态效应造成重要信息无法得到有效展现,且对深层影响尤为严重。为校正非稳态影响,本文从描述非稳态方面具有普适性的非稳态褶积模型出发,借助对数域的衰减曲线指导检测非稳态影响并以此实现对非稳态均衡与校正。与常规不同,本文利用对数域Gabor反褶积仅移除非稳态影响,而将分离震源子波和反射系数的任务交给具有更符合实际条件的稀疏约束反褶积处理,因此结合两种反褶积技术即可有效解决非稳态特征影响,又能避免反射系数和地震子波理想化假设的不利影响。海上地震资料的应用实际表明,校正非稳态影响有助于恢复更丰富的反射系数信息,使得与地质沉积和构造相关的细节特征得到更加清晰的展现。     

Luminescence dating of scoria fall and lahar deposits from Somma–Vesuvius,Italy

Luminescence dating has been applied to scoria and lahar deposits from Somma–Vesuvius, Italy. Samples include scoria from the AD472 and 512 (or 536) eruptions and lahar deposits. In order to find a stable luminescence signal which is less affected by anomalous fading, infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals at elevated temperatures after bleaching with IR at 50 °C (termed post-IR IRSL; pIRIR) were tested at different preheat and elevated stimulation temperatures. The fading rates of both IRSL and pIRIR signals reduced dramatically with increasing preheat and pIRIR stimulation temperatures. A pIRIR signal measured at 290 °C after a preheat at 320 °C (60 s) and an IR stimulation at 50 °C (100 s) was selected to calculate the equivalent dose (D_e). The gamma spectrometry results indicate that the U-series nuclides are not in equilibrium and there is a large ²²⁶Ra excess. The dose rates and ages were calculated by assuming a ²²⁶Ra excess (over its parent ²³⁰Th) at deposition, and that this unsupported excess then decayed to the present level. The resulting luminescence ages of the two scoria samples agreed with the expected ages, and the ages of the lahar deposits indicate that they are associated with the AD1631 eruption.     

华北克拉通北缘侏罗纪造山过程及关键时限的沉积证据

宁武-静乐盆地与浑源盆地位于华北克拉通中北部,侏罗纪地层序列完整,物源指向于阴山-燕山造山带中段,通过对盆地内侏罗纪沉积特征的研究,可以演绎华北克拉通北缘侏罗纪的造山过程。在盆地沉积分析的基础上,通过宁武-静乐盆地中侏罗统云岗组顶部的凝灰质泥晶碳酸盐岩及浑源盆地上侏罗统髫髻山组玄武-安山岩锆石U-Pb同位素测年,结合国际地层年代表推荐年龄及中侏罗统的沉积速率,对整个侏罗纪沉积序列转换的关键时限进行了限定。研究认为：中侏罗统云岗组底部砾岩沉积时期,侏罗纪沉积演化序列经历了早期湖进至晚期湖退的转换过程,暗示着区域应力场由早期的拉张向晚期的挤压转换,孕育着侏罗纪造山运动的开始,具体时限大约为168 Ma;中侏罗统云岗组顶部凝灰质泥晶碳酸盐岩沉积时期,沉积地层的颜色由其下的灰绿色突变为其上的紫红色,孕育着湖盆地形的突然抬升,区域氧化性增强,气候环境的突变,侏罗纪造山运动进入了快速发展阶段,具体时限为161.0～159.0 Ma;中/晚侏罗世沉积序列具有继承性的发育特征,随着湖盆地形的进一步抬升,侏罗纪沉积范围迅速退至造山带前缘,以砾岩沉积为主,为同期造山运动的产物,侏罗纪造山运动进入了高峰期,具体时限为159.0～153.0 Ma;晚侏罗世晚期,区域上以玄武-安山岩及凝灰质角砾岩沉积为主,侏罗纪造山运动进入了造山期后的调整阶段。     

Process and cause of urban-rural development transformation in the Bohai Rim Region,China

China＇s reform and opening-up policy has brought the country a great development opportunity. The high-speed growth of the economy not only led China to a period of industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, but also exacerbated the situation of the urban–rural dual structure. Based on the review of current studies, we first used the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） method to evaluate the urban–rural development and transformation level by population transformation index, land transformation index, industrial transformation index and social transformation index between 1996 and 2012 around the Bohai Rim Region. Then, based on the results of each index, we used the exploratory spatial data analysis（ESDA） method to investigate the spatial autocorrelation of the change in the urban–rural development transformation index during the 16-year period using Global Moran＇s I index and Local Moran＇s I index. Finally, we investigated the mechanism of change of the urban–rural development transformation index at county level, summarizing five main factors：（1） the radiation from the surrounding big cities,（2） the acceleration of the urbanization process,（3） the upgrading of the industrial structure,（4） the publishing and implementation of a macro development strategy and regional policy, and（5） natural factors such as topology.     

高度城镇化背景下水系演变及其响应

针对长江三角洲地区高度城镇化对水系剧烈影响的事实,以该区太湖平原苏州市为例,选取河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数作为水系变化指标,运用GIS分析近50年来河网的时空变化规律,在此基础上,研究水系变化对于城镇化及降水变化的定量响应,分析高度城镇化下水系的发展趋势。结果表明:①近50年来研究区水系呈衰减趋势,河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数分别下降5.6%、19%、1.2%和3%;区内水系禀赋差异大。②近50年来水系衰减的主要影响因素为城镇化,气候变化对其影响相对较弱;在水系变化中,城镇化的贡献率在67%以上。③随着城镇化率增加,研究区河网密度、分形维数、支流发育系数呈现先增长后衰减的"倒U型"曲线特征;苏州的高度城镇化与其水系表现出"先松弛,后紧密"的关系,二者的发展目前处于曲线右侧;未来将过渡到"高水平适应阶段"。本研究的结果丰富了城镇化与水系发展关系研究,可为其他地区水系系统的健康、绿色发展和保护提供参考。     

河流铀同位素的控制机理及其对风化限制理论的启示意义

经典风化限制理论认为,当剥蚀速度较低时,岩石在风化带的存留时间长,表现为一致性完全风化,化学风化通量受新鲜岩石的供应限制,与剥蚀速度成正比,即为"供应限制";当剥蚀速度较高时,岩石充分暴露,风化强度低,化学风化通量受温度、降水量等动力学因子限制,即为"动力学限制"。供应限制是构造抬升影响硅酸盐风化吸收大气CO_2进而改变气候的关键。动力学限制形成了化学风化通量与大气CO_2含量之间的负反馈,是维持构造时间尺度地球宜居性和碳循环平衡的关键。但是,风化限制理论模型并未得到充分实证。本文将介绍利用流域溶解态铀同位素证明风化限制理论的原理与研究进展。全球数据总结发现,流域铀同位素与物理剥蚀速率之间在整体上呈现U形函数关系,可用经典风化限制理论解释。但河流的铀同位素还受岩性、气候、地貌等其他因素的影响。利用已知风化年代的单一岩性流域是河流铀同位素验证风化限制理论的重要途径。     

Structural evolution of the Téfidet trough (East Aïr,Niger) in relation with the West African Cretaceous and Paleogene rifting and compression episodes

Located in northern Niger, the NW–SE Téfidet trough is the western branch of the Ténéré rift megasystem.Here we present a tectono-sedimentary analysis of the Téfidet trough, based on the combined use of satellite imagery, field observations and measures, and available literature. We use these data to analyse the sedimentary facies and the tectonic deformations (faults, folds, basins) in the Téfidet trough, and derive their relative chronology. Doing so, we characterize synrift and postrift deformations and their interactions with sedimentation.Altogether our analyses suggest that the Téfidet trough was affected from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene by three major tectonic periods.

• •The first period was a rifting stage with extension and transtension during the Albian–Aptian times. The mean extension was ∼N60° and dominantly produced NW–SE-trending normal faults, a few strike-slip faults locally associated with small folds with sigmoidal axis and small reverse faults, and progressive unconformities.
• •the second period was also a rifting time, which prevailed during the Upper Cretaceous. The regime was marked by transtensional to extensional tectonics, under a ∼N130° shortening and a ∼N60° trending stretching. The end of this period saw the closure of the Téfidet trough.
• •the third period was a postrift stage. It was characterized by a ∼N70° extensional to transtensional regime during the Oligocene–Pliocene. It mainly produced post-sedimentary extensional faults and fractures and alkaline volcanism. We eventually discuss these deformation phases in relation with the Cretaceous Gondwana breakup and its related rifting events in West and North Africa, and with the subsequent Africa–Europe collision.