大巴山前陆冲断带古水动力演化阶段及其对油气藏形成和保存的影响

针对传统古水动力阶段划分存在的问题,结合大巴山前陆冲断带特殊构造特征,以油气成藏组合为单元,将大巴山前陆冲断带古水动力演化阶段划分为沉积水动力阶段、渗入水动力阶段、构造作用水动力阶段和埋藏水动力阶段。其中下部油气成藏组合主要经历了1个沉积水动力阶段、4个渗入水动力阶段、4个埋藏水动力阶段和3个构造作用水动力阶段,中部油气成藏组合主要经历了1个沉积水动力阶段、3个渗入水动力阶段、2个埋藏水动力阶段和3个构造作用水动力阶段,而上部油气成藏组合主要经历了渗入水动力阶段。二叠纪至早白垩世的埋藏水动力阶段有利于下部油气成藏组合油气的生成和运聚成藏,但是构造作用水动力阶段,对油气藏的调整和改造作用影响很大,晚白垩世之后的渗入水动力阶段,导致下部成藏组合的油气藏进一步遭到调整和破坏。在晚三叠世末至晚白垩世的埋藏水动力和构造作用水动力阶段,中部成藏组合的原油发生大量裂解,同时形成了许多调整-改造型油气藏,晚白垩世之后的渗入水动力和构造作用水动力阶段,大巴山前陆坳陷带中部成藏组合的油气藏发生了大量的调整和改造作用,而大巴山前陆基底拆离构造带和前陆盖层滑脱构造带中部成藏组合的油气藏则主要表现为改造和破坏作用。     

湖南保靖X区页岩气储层“甜点”区地震资料非线性反演预测方法

针对湖南保靖地区地表覆盖层复杂、地下高陡构造多变、地震勘探资料信噪比低,以及页岩气储层与周围泥岩层波阻抗对比度小等特点,研究敏感测井曲线重构与优化处理、地震资料相控非线性反演和叠后地震属性流体检测的综合储层评价方法。通过对多条测线的地震资料反演和流体检测并与实钻井结果对比,获得了良好的地质效果,初步验证了所研究方法的有效性和实用性。      

Genetic algorithm for fitting a mixed Bingham distribution to 3D orientations: a tool for the statistical and paleostress analyses of fracture orientations

The clustering of fracture orientations is important for tectonic studies and for geotechnical engineering. In this study, a real‐coded genetic algorithm was adopted to fitting a mixed Bingham distribution to orientation data by maximizing the log‐likelihood function of the distribution. The maximization is a difficult problem, because the function has multimodality and singularity. It was found that the algorithm was effective for this problem. Given the orientations of dilational fractures, the present method determines not only the stress axes and stress ratio of each of the fracture groups but also the maximum non‐dimensionalized fluid pressure at the time of their formation. In addition, the software calculates the 95 % error ellipses of the concentration axes. The present method found that the orientations of ore veins of the Akenobe Mine, SW Japan, should be partitioned into three clusters. It is shown that two of the groups had distinctive Zn and Sn contents, and that the ore fluids had overpressures only slightly greater than the minimum principal stress at the time of the deposition of Zn‐ and Sn‐rich veins.     

The fluvial flux of particulate organic matter from the UK: the emission factor of soil erosion

Soil erosion has been identified as a potential global carbon sink since eroded organic matter is replaced at source and eroded material is readily buried. However, this argument has relied on poor estimates of the total fate of in‐transit particulates and could erroneously imply soil erosion could be encouraged to generate carbon stores. These previous estimates have not considered that organic matter can also be released to the atmosphere as a range of greenhouse gases, not only carbon dioxide (CO₂), but also the more powerful greenhouse gases methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). As soil carbon lost by erosion is only replaced by uptake of CO₂, this could represent a considerable imbalance in greenhouse gas warming potential, even if it is not significant in terms of overall carbon flux. This work therefore considers the flux of particulate organic matter through UK rivers with respect to both carbon fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that, although emissions to the atmosphere are dominated by CO₂, there are also considerable fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O. The results suggest that soil erosion is a net source of greenhouse gases with median emission factors of 5.5, 4.4 and 0.3 tonnes CO_2eq/yr for one tonne of fluvial carbon, gross carbon erosion and gross soil erosion, respectively. This study concludes that gross soil erosion would therefore only be a net sink of both carbon and greenhouse gases if all the following criteria are met: the gross soil erosion rate were very low (<91 tonnes/km²/yr); the eroded carbon were completely replaced by new soil organic matter; and if less than half of the gross erosion made it into the stream network. By establishing the emission factor for soil erosion, it becomes possible to properly account for the benefits of good soil management in minimizing losses of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere as a by‐product of soil erosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瓦斯压力对煤系页岩瓦斯吸附特性影响核磁共振谱试验研究

瓦斯压力是影响煤系页岩瓦斯吸附特性的关键因素。以阜新高瓦斯矿井清河门矿煤系页岩为研究对象,采用低场核磁共振（NMR）谱技术,通过向放有试样的夹持器中不断充入瓦斯,模拟煤系页岩瓦斯集聚赋存过程。以核磁共振T2谱幅值积分作为反映瓦斯吸附量定量化指标,从微细观角度定量研究瓦斯压力对吸附态和游离态瓦斯量影响规律。试验结果表明,（1）两个截止阈值确定了吸附态和游离态瓦斯T2谱曲线范围;（2）瓦斯压力对煤系页岩吸附态和游离态瓦斯增量均有显著影响。吸附态瓦斯增量变化受控于煤系页岩和瓦斯分子间作用力,而游离态瓦斯增量则主要与煤系页岩孔隙结构有关;（3）吸附态瓦斯量与瓦斯压力间关系符合朗格缪尔等温吸附方程,而游离态瓦斯与瓦斯压力呈3次函数关系;（4）以瓦斯T2谱均值变化幅度定量描述孔隙平均半径扩胀变形程度,随瓦斯压力增加,煤系页岩中～大孔隙结构均发生显著扩胀,平均半径增加1.47倍,而微孔隙结构尺寸未见明显变化。     

红层软岩模型试验相似材料的配比试验研究

相似模型试验是研究红层软岩工程性质的重要手段之一,其试验结果的可靠性依赖于相似材料的正确选择与合理配比。针对红层软岩遇水极易软化的特性,在传统相似材料配比基础上添加生石灰,采用正交设计方法开展了相似材料配比试验,以骨料中铁粉与钡粉质量比例、铁粉与钡粉总质量中铁粉的质量比例、石膏质量、生石灰质量为4个因素,每个因素设置了5个取值水平,共制作25组、610个试样。每组试样均测试了其软化系数、密度、无侧限单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度及黏聚力与内摩擦角等物理力学参数,并研究了这些参数随上述4个因素取值水平的不同而变化的规律。最后,基于上述结果,配制了3种典型的软岩相似材料,并分别开展了真实软岩材料的饱水软化平行对比试验。研究结果表明：（1）根据配比方案所配相似材料物理力学参数可基本满足软岩相似模型试验的要求;（2）相似材料物理力学参数变化规律明显,便于通过调节其配比模拟不同软岩材料;（3）三组对比试验中相似材料饱水软化系数与真实软岩具有较高吻合度。     

川西新场地区须五段泥页岩超压成因及其对含气性的影响

页岩气储集层中往往发育异常高的地层压力,其压力的大小不仅直接影响了泥页岩中有机质的热演化生烃作用,而且还决定着页岩气的保存和富集程度。为了研究川西新场地区须五段泥页岩的异常高压成因及其对含气性的影响,选取该地区3口井的页岩岩心样品进行现场解吸、X衍射矿物分析和等温吸附等一系列分析测试来辅助说明超压产生的原因。然后结合前人研究成果和测试数据,对泥页岩的异常高压成因进行了定性分析,初步探讨了泥页岩异常高压发育与含气量之间的关系。分析表明：造成川西新场地区须五段泥页岩异常高压现象的原因主要有欠压实作用、生烃作用、粘土矿物脱水作用和构造挤压作用。页岩含气量与异常高压的发育程度呈正相关关系,页岩异常高压越发育,其含气量越大,产气量也越高。同时压力系数可以作为保存条件的综合判别指标,川西新场地区须五段泥页岩压力系数较高,保存条件较好。     

真三轴气固耦合煤体渗流试验系统的研制及应用

为了更真实地模拟煤岩在掘进巷道迎头等环境下的应力状态,研究三向应力环境下煤岩的损伤变形及瓦斯渗流情况,自主研发了真三轴气-固耦合煤体渗流试验系统。该装置主要由真三轴压力室、液压伺服系统、气体渗流系统和监测与控制系统组成,采用的试件尺寸为200 mm×100 mm×100 mm,可施加的最大轴压(?1)为70 MPa、最大侧压（?2）为35 MPa、最大侧压（?3）为10 MPa、最大瓦斯压力为6 MPa。该装置具有以下特点：(1) ?1、?2采用刚性压头加载,?3采用柔性加载,三向应力分别独立加载;(2) 设计了刚柔性压头及传压滑杆,使得?1与?2方向压头在同时加载过程中互不干扰;(3) 通过伺服液压系统控制加载功能,使得装置性能稳定,应力与位移加载精确,易于控制;(4) 气体渗流系统采用蜂窝孔对试件进行面通气,确保试件进气端瓦斯压力均匀分布;(5) 采用多种高精度传感器进行监测,实时记录煤体所受应力值、变形量及瓦斯渗流量。用两种不同应力路径下的渗流试验对该系统准确性和可靠性进行了验证,结果表明,该装置性能稳定可靠。该装置可用于揭示煤与瓦斯在三向应力条件下的耦合作用机制,为防治瓦斯灾害及研究瓦斯抽采提供了可靠的试验基础。     

泥底辟输导流体机制及其与天然气水合物成藏的关系

摘要：详细阐述不同成因的泥底辟流体输导模式,探讨了泥底辟输导体系的演化与天然气水合物成藏之间的关系,并分析神狐海域泥底辟输导体系对天然气水合物成藏的影响。底辟核外部伴生断裂、底辟核内部流体压裂裂缝和边缘裂缝带均可作为输导流体的通道。根据运移通道和动力等差异性,提出泥底辟输导流体的2种端元模式：超压-流体压裂输导型和边缘构造裂缝输导型。在此基础上,讨论了泥底辟(泥火山)的不同演化阶段对水合物的形成、富集和分解的影响。早期阶段,泥底辟形成的运移通道可能未延伸到水合物稳定带,导致气源供给不够充分;中期阶段,水合物成藏条件匹配良好,利于天然气水合物生成;晚期阶段,泥火山喷发引起水合物稳定带的热异常,可能导致水合物分解,直至泥火山活动平静期,水合物再次成藏。神狐海域内泥底辟分为花冠状和穹顶状两类,花冠状泥底辟以超压-流体压裂输导型为主;穹顶状泥底辟以底辟边缘裂缝输导型为主。泥底辟输导体系的差异性可能是神狐海域天然气水合物非均质分布的影响因素之一。 关键词：泥底辟;输导体系;天然气水合物;成藏机制;神狐海域