碎屑流沿坡面运动的初步分析

本文分析了碎屑流沿坡面下滑过程中的运动特性,重点考察了床面摩擦系数、土体内摩擦角和坡角对碎屑流堆积形态的影响.     

Privatizing conditions of production: trade agreements as neoliberal environmental governance

Recent multilateral trade agreements are among the major manifestations of neoliberalism. They are also emerging as some of the most important sites of environmental governance in the 21st century. I argue here that these trade agreements, particularly the sweeping new protections they provide for investors, are redefining property rights and environmental governance in fundamental ways. I suggest that in addition to furthering the centuries-long process of the enclosure of nature under capitalism, the neoliberal agenda of NAFTA and similar trade agreements also involves something new: the privatization, or primitive accumulation, of conditions of production as an accumulation strategy. I explore these dynamics through examination of two cases, one in the United States and one in Mexico. I also explore the roles of social movements in these dynamics.     

Application of AVO Analysis to Seismic Data for Detection of Gas below Methane Hydrate Stability Zone in Nankai Trough Area

Abstract. For the purpose of development of methane hydrate, occurring in the deep marine subsurface, as a resource, the most important issue is to understand the methane hydrate system (generation, migration and accumulation) as well as to delineate the methane hydrate reservoir properties. We have applied the Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) analysis to the seismic data acquired in the Nankai Trough, offshore Japan, in order to confirm the occurrence of gas just below the methane hydrate-bearing zone, assuming that gas will show a so-called Class-3 AVO response. Knowledge of the amount and occurrence of gas in the sediment below methane hydrate-bearing zone is one of the keys to understand the methane hydrate system.
We have utilized the qualitative analysis of AVO methodology to delineate how gas is located below the BSR, which is thought to be the reflection event from the interface between the methane hydrate-bearing zone and the underlying gas-bearing zone. In the region of MITI Nankai Trough Well PSW-3, we observe two BSRs separated by 25 ms. After AVO modeling using well data, we applied AVO attribute analysis and attribute crossplot analysis to the seismic data. Finally we applied an offset-amplitude analysis to CMP gather data at specific locations to confirm the results of AVO attribute analysis. The AVO analysis shows that there is very little gas located in the underlying sediment below methane hydrate-bearing zone. This result supports the fact that we could not obtain any clear evidence of gas occurrence just below the methane hydrate-bearing zone in the Nankai Trough well drilling.     

Interpretation of radon anomalies in seismotectonic and tectonic-gravitational settings: the south-eastern Crati graben (Northern Calabria, Italy)

The study area is located in the south-eastern part of the Crati valley (Northern Calabria, Italy), which is a graben bordered by N–S trending normal faults and crossed by NW–SE normal left-lateral faults. Numerous severe crustal earthquakes have affected the area in historical time. Present-day seismic activity is mainly related to the N–S faults located along the eastern border of the graben. In this area, much seismically induced deep-seated deformation has also been recognised.In the present paper, radon concentrations in soil gas have been measured and compared with (a) lithology, (b) Quaternary faults, (c) historical and instrumental seismicity, and (d) deep-seated deformation.The results highlight the following:

(a) There is no evidence of a strong correlation between lithology and the radon anomalies.

(b) A clear correlation between the N–S geometry of radon anomalies and the orientation of main fault systems has been recognised, except in the southernmost part of the area, where the radon concentrations are strongly affected by the superposition of the N–S and the NW–SE fault systems.

(c) Epicentral zones of instrumental and historical earthquakes correspond to the highest values of radon concentrations, probably indicating recent activated fault segments. In particular, high radon values occur in the zones struck by earthquakes in 1835, 1854, and 1870.

(d) Deep-seated gravitational deformation generally coincides with zones characterised by low radon concentrations.

In the studied area, the anisotropic distribution of radon concentrations is congruent with the presence of neotectonic features and deep-seated gravitational phenomena. The method used in this study could profitably contribute towards either seismic risk or deep-seated gravitational deformation analyses.     

Localization of mining-induced horizontal fractures along rock layer interfaces in overburden: field measurements and prediction

The locations of mining-induced horizontal fractures along rock interfaces in the overburden of Donetsk Coal Basin were identified using an original experimental device. The device traps methane from horizontal fracture zone (100–fold coal seam thickness) over an active longwall mining excavation. Presence or absence of horizontal fractures along rock layer interfaces is correlated with physical characteristics of the overburden, such as thickness, uniaxial compressive strength of overburden rock layers, location of rock layer interfaces and thickness of extracted coal seams. As a result, a combined criterion based on these physical characteristics is proposed to predict the presence of overburden horizontal fracturing in coal mine operations.     

辽宁朝阳-北票断裂跨断层水准与断层土壤气地球化学特征对比分析

对朝阳-北票断裂上的北票黄花营子水准场地和朝阳桃花吐水准场地进行跨断层土壤气Rn、CO2、CO和H2浓度测量,结果表明,黄花营子水准场地土壤气Rn、CO2、CO和H2浓度变化范围分别为1.027～14.35 kBq/m3、0.1％～0.77％,0.2～1.4 ppm 和21.45～303.4 ppm;桃花吐水准场地土壤...     

天然气水合物模型的瞬变电磁响应

在采用瞬变电偶极一偶极装置(ERER)装王的海洋瞬变电磁法对天然气水舍物进行正演模拟计算中,采用了先汉克尔变换(Hankel)后逆拉普拉斯变换法(G-S)的计算方法.由阿尔奇公式计算出水合物层按正弦规律变化的典型海洋地电模型.根据已知的地电模型计算天然气水含物的瞬变阶跃响应的一阶导数.从结果来看,水合物瞬变响应梯度的最小值最能反映出与水合物含量的关系,从中找出对天然气水合物做出了综合的资源评价夏解释工作的有用信息.     

石笋流体包裹体中的惰性气体及其在重建长江中游古温度变化中的作用

文中讨论了一种评估古气温变化的新方法。我们成功地利用石笋流体包裹体所捕获的Xe/Ar比值,重建了末次冰盛期以来盛行东亚季风的长江中游地区的气候演化。一种表达成ln(CXe/CAr)的对数式被证明与冷暖周期变化具有密切的关系。从研究的石笋中所提出的δ13C与Mg/Ca曲线一般随区域古气温波动而变化,但不能排除其中有另类气候信号的叠加。我们的工作则明确地指出,流体包裹体所记录的Xe/Ar在各种反映温度变化的替代指标中可能是最好的一种。整体而言,ln(CXe/CAr)曲线与那些基本随暖期和冷期振荡的曲线保持一致。将稀有气体曲线与δ13C和Mg/Ca信号整合对比之后,我们在研究区划分出末次冰盛期以来8组暖/冷旋回。整合后的气温变化模式合理地解释了过去20000年里的区域环境变化。     

断层对沾化凹陷馆陶组石油运移和聚集影响的模拟实验研究

在沾化凹陷馆陶组油气成藏地质研究基础上, 利用二维模型模拟了断层开启条件下, 断层对馆陶组石油运移和聚集的影响. 研究结果表明: (1) 断层带的流体运动方式和运动相态对馆陶组石油的运移路径和方式构成重要的影响.连续(稳态) 充注条件下, 油首先充注断层带, 然后在馆陶组上段顶部侧向运移, 最后一部分油沿馆陶组下段砂层的顶部侧向运移. 但幕式(非稳态) 充注条件下, 油首先充注断层下部和馆陶组下段→充注断层上部, 并在馆陶组下段侧向运移→充注馆陶组上段, 并在其中侧向运移. 另外油/水两相充注时, 由于水动力的作用, 导致油和水的运移出现分异现象; (2) 连续(稳态) 充注条件下, 油的侧向运移发生在隔层上部(馆陶组上段) 砂层, 而幕式(非稳态) 充注条件下, 馆陶组上、下段均发生了侧向运移, 其中单一油相充注时, 下部砂层油的侧向运移量大于上部砂层, 而油/水两相充注时, 上部砂层侧向运移量稍大于下部砂层; (3) 连续(稳态) 充注时有利于馆陶组上段砂层油的聚集, 而幕式(非稳态) 充注时则有利于馆陶组下段砂层油的聚集. 另外由于水动力作用的影响, 油水两相充注时, 有利于馆陶组上段油的聚集.