On the criteria for the initiation of motion in tidal inlets,deterministic and stochastic approaches

Details are given herein of the refinement and application of a three-dimensional layer integrated numerical model to predict morphological changes in tidal basins. The solution of governing differential equations, which consist of the conservation of mass and momentum for the hydrodynamics, the transport equation for the suspended sediment fluxes and the sediment mass conservation equation for the bed level changes are carried out by the use of Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) Finite Difference Method (FDM). The model includes different criteria for the initiation of motion namely Shields (1936, Application of Similarity Principles and Turbulence Research to Bed load Movement, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pub. No. 167), Kolahdoozan (1999, Numerical Modelling of Geomorphological Processes in Estuarine Waters, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, 288) and Zanke (2003, On the Influence of Turbulence on the Initiation of Sediment Motion, International Journal of Sediment Research, 18(1), 17–31), to compare different aspects of flow conditions. As the flow is highly turbulent with the random nature of its components, many researchers have tried to express sediment transport processes by using stochastic approaches. In the current study both deterministic and stochastic methods are included in the numerical model to evaluate their accuracy and efficiency. To validate the numerical model results, laboratory measurements are used, with these being obtained from an earlier experimental program undertaken by the authors. Results of a short term bed level changes in a laboratory model harbor are included for the model verification purposes. Comparisons are undertaken using different criteria for the initiation of motion, with the results highlighting that the unsteadiness in the flow parameters included in the numerical model has a major effect on the bed level changes inside the harbor, in compare with the turbulence structure of the flow. The model is then applied to a real case study of the Humber Estuary, located in the UK, with comparisons being undertaken for different criteria for the initiation of motion, using both deterministic and stochastic approaches for the long term bed level predictions.     

高石梯—龙王庙大气田发现与四川盆地震旦—寒武系油气地质特征及成藏

简单回顾了高石梯—龙王庙大气田发现历程。高石梯—龙王庙大气田是四川盆地中西部震旦系—寒武系重要的含气领域,近年来龙王庙组的天然气勘探获得重大新突破,基于前人的研究成果,梳理川中震旦系—寒武系勘探与研究进展认为:①高石梯—龙王庙大气田自形成以来,震旦纪晚期为其所处的乐山—龙女寺古隆起整体掀斜与雏形发育,寒武纪—奥陶纪为同沉积隆升期;②大面积发育震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩缝洞型、寒武系龙王庙组白云岩孔隙型 2 套主要含气储集层,准同生白云石化和表生岩溶叠加改造形成相对高孔渗储集体,灯影组孔隙度为3%~4%、渗透率为(0.0054~9.03)×10-3 μm2,龙王庙组孔隙度为4%~5%、渗透率为(0.0005~78.5)×10-3μm2;③四川盆地震旦系—寒武系发育2类多套烃源岩,均为腐泥型,以生油为主,发育3套优质储层,储层厚度大、分布面积广;④震旦系—寒武系天然气为典型的干气,均为有机成因,其中灯影组天然气为混源气,震旦系—寒武系天然气以原油裂解气为主;⑤生储接触广泛,震旦系—下寒武统龙王庙组油气大面积富集的关键因素是古隆起演化与烃源岩演化匹配,大型鼻状隆起背景下发育的构造、岩性及复合型多种类型圈闭为油气聚集提供了良好的空间。     

南海东北部冷泉区末次冰期沉积间断及其成因

对南海东沙海域冷泉区DH-CL10和DH-CL5柱状样开展AMS14C年代学、高分辨率底栖有孔虫和沉积物同位素以及沉积学研究。结果表明:DH-CL10柱状样在全新统底部574 cm处出现沉积间断,间断面相邻沉积物AMS14C年龄分别为9 850/(9 680~9 950) cal.aBP和27 610/(27 500~27 700) cal.aBP,相当于MIS2期和部分MIS3期的沉积缺失。底栖有孔虫Uvigerina bifurcata的δ13C值为-0.37‰~-1.91‰,平均值为-1.11‰,沉积物全岩碳同位素值为-22.7‰~-23‰,均为正常的碳同位素值。尽管该柱状样未发现天然气水合物分解释放的地球化学证据,但相邻的DH-CL5柱状样相当于其所缺失的部分沉积中的自生碳酸盐岩和沉积物的δ13C负偏明显,分别为-55.24‰和-25.9‰~-27.9‰,表明与天然气水合物分解有关。推断DH-CL10柱状样沉积间断所缺失的沉积物可能记录了天然气水合物分解的证据,且沉积间断主要出现在末次盛冰期低海平面,与天然气水合物易分解的时间相吻合,因此,沉积间断的形成可能主要与下伏天然气水合物的分解导致沉积物的滑塌有关。     

放射性废物处置研究进展

放射性废物的处置是制约核能可持续发展的关键因素,目前已成为国际社会关注的热点问题之一.针对处置场地核素运移污染的风险问题,对放射性废物的处置及其选址、核素运移试验和核素运移模型进行了回顾和论述.指出采用多重屏障系统进行放射性废物的处置,其安全性是可以得到保障的;处置场的选址应遵循就近原则,并应从环境水文地质的角度来构建...     

中国天然气水合物调查研究现状及其进展

天然气水合物大致经历了实验室研究、管道堵塞及防治、资源调查与开发利用4个发展阶段,中国目前正处于资源调查阶段的早期。自1999年开始,中国先后开展了南海、东海、陆上冻土区和国际海底区域天然气水合物的调查研究,相继发现了一系列地质、地球物理和地球化学异常标志,并在南海北部神狐地区成功采到水合物实物样品,取得了找矿工作的重大突破,显示出良好的找矿前景,但目前仍存在着调查研究程度较低、技术装备比较落后等问题。随着国家对天然气水合物重视程度的加强,中国天然气水合物的调查研究进程将会将进一步加快,并在不久的将来过渡到试生产阶段和商业性生产阶段。     

天然气水合物开发安全检测技术应用研究

中国近年来先后在南海北部和祁连山南缘青海省天峻县永久冻土带中发现天然气水合物,这是一种新能源,它将对中国能源结构的调整和能源紧张的缓解起到非常重要的作用。但是,天然气水合物开采安全是个大问题,已经引起了国际上专家们的极大关注。俄罗斯南方国立技术大学地球物理、探矿工程和石油钻采教研室开发出来的天然气水合物开发安全检测技术和方法,可以准确确定出射孔部位的位置、检查射孔部位是否阻塞和如何解阻等关键技术,对天然气水合物开采安全提供了技术支撑,对此应该进行研究。     

利用铀油关系寻找可地浸砂岩型铀矿

可地浸砂岩型铀矿多数赋存于产油气盆地,并与油气关系十分密切。本文通过对可地浸砂岩型铀矿的成因分类、与油气藏的关系及与气藏异同点的分析对比,总结了几种典型油气藏上方的放射性异常模式。以二连盆地可地浸砂岩型铀矿与油气藏的客观相伴关系为例,在鄂尔多斯盆地进行了应用试验,取得了一定效果。因此,利用铀油相伴关系,在油气勘探中注意寻找铀矿(化)床,在铀矿(化)床周围的有利构造部位加强油气勘探是十分重要的。     

Quantitative assessment of gas washing of oils in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Gas washing has been known in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, but its quantitative assessment has not yet been reported. Here the influence of gas washing fractionation in the area was discussed based on the gas chromatogram data of 68 oils and the results of the mixing experiments of a black oil and a condensate. The results show that the intensity of gas washing fractionation decreased generally from northern to southern part and vertically from deep reservoirs to shallow reservoirs. The gas washing fractionation was mainly controlled by fault systems in this area, with the increase of n-alkane mass depletion positively correlated to the number and scale of faults. Gas washing fractionation appears to have affected the hydrocarbon property, and as a result the diversity of the crude oils is markedly controlled by gas washing. In addition, the occurrence of waxy oil in this area may be resulted from multiple factors including gas washing, mixed filling and migration fractionation. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB202303) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40672091)     

不规则三角网的几种数据结构及其存储机制研究

在比较分析了TIN的几种常见数据结构的基础上,针对TIN拓扑查询与搜索问题,提出了另外几种强调边拓扑信息的TIN数据结构,根据拓扑关系的表达方式可以将它们分为内存索引式结构、数组索引式结构及二者的混合结构,并给出了这些数据结构的多种序列化存储方式:数组索引直接存储、对象ID存储法、PythoncPickle存储、对象内存地址的存储法。研究比较发现数组索引直接存储的数据占用空间最少,对象ID存储法和对象内存地址存储法的二进制方式占用空间相同,Python cPickle只适合于极小规模的TIN数据的存储。对基于不同数据结构的TIN模型构网效率测试表明,不包含边信息的结构的构网效率最高,含有边信息的结构中采用数组索引表示拓扑关系的构网效率最高。研究结果将对TIN模型的软件实现具有理论及应用价值。     

天然气水合物资源量估算方法及应用

近年大量的勘探与研究成果表明,中国南海海域具有良好的水合物资源前景。根据所掌握的勘探资料,尝试利用“概率统计法”对南海海域水合物资源前景进行了初步预测,在50%概率的条件下,南海海域的水合物资源量约为649.68×1011m3,与众多学者对全球天然气水合物资源量的估算相似。由于目前勘探程度较低和很多评价参数不能准确给定,因此对南海海域天然气水合物资源量的估算是初步的。该项研究旨在探索天然气水合物资源量的评估方法,随着勘探、研究程度的深入和评价资料的增多,水合物资源量的评价精度将会得到进一步的提高。