滇西哀牢山变质杂岩中含石墨岩石的变形-变质温度、构造特征及流变弱化意义

前人研究表明石墨化作用与变质温度具有良好的相关性,同时室内摩擦实验研究认为少量石墨就能够有效地降低断层摩擦阻力,进而被认为对断层弱化起着重要的固体润滑作用而开始受到大家的关注。但是由于技术手段的限制,我们对天然断裂带中含石墨岩石的宏观-微观构造、变形机制、变形-变质环境以及对岩石流变行为的贡献仍然还不是很清楚。本文在详细的野外地质观测的基础上结合室内实验分析,对新生代红河-哀牢山走滑断裂带内哀牢山深变质杂岩东南侧边界发育的含石墨岩石开展了深入的研究。其中主要侧重利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)以及拉曼光谱(Raman Spectra)技术方法和手段,对宏观及显微构造变形行为、石墨拉曼温度、矿物晶格优选定向(LPO)以及其变形-变质环境进行了综合分析。结果表明,含石墨岩石显微构造特征表现为典型的塑性到超塑性流动构造特征,通过石墨拉曼光谱地质温度计,获得了哀牢山杂岩东部边界与上盘未变质岩石接触的含石墨岩石变形-变质的石墨拉曼温度为462～505℃;而靠近深变质岩含石墨岩石的石墨拉曼温度在511～529℃。基质中强烈细粒化的石墨、石英及长石具有明显的晶格...     

应用SiO2地热温度计估算地热储温度以赣南横泾地区若干温泉为例

本文重点讨论了应用SiO2地热温度计估算横泾地区若干温泉的地热储温度。讨论表明,应用上升热水与浅部冷水没有混合的绝热冷却的SiO2(石英)-焓图和传导冷却的石英地热温度计,计算的地热储的最低温度范围是78~134 ℃,而最高的温度范围是95~155 ℃;应用上升热水与浅部冷水产生混合,而混合之前蒸气已全部损失的SiO2(石英)-焓图,计算的地热储的最低温度范围是83~138 ℃。因此,可以认为横泾地区温泉水地热储的最低温度范围可能是78~138 ℃,而最高温度范围可能是95~155 ℃。     

重庆市统景温泉水化学特征及混合作用

为了探讨温泉水的热储温度、深部热水与冷水的混合作用,以期为勘探、评价和合理开发利用温泉资源提供科学依据,文章对重庆统景温泉、岩溶地下水和地表水物理化学指标进行监测和分析.结果表明:(1)温泉水化学类型为SO4-Ca·Mg型,浅层岩溶水为HCO3-Ca·Mg型,温塘河为HCO3-Ca型;温泉水TDS、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、Si、B、Sr高于岩溶地下水和地表水,主要与温泉水流经碳酸盐岩热储层并发生强烈的水岩作用有关.(2)不同地热温标法的对比应用发现,阳离子和玉髓地热温标法不适用,而无蒸汽损失石英和修正后的SiO2地热温标法更适于计算统景温泉热储的温度,利用这两种方法算出来的热储平均温度为86℃.(3)通过Na-K-Mg三角图判断出岩溶地下水在深部含水层与地下热水发生混合.利用混合模型和硅—焓图解法估算出鸳鸯泉中冷水的混入比例分别为89%、86%;2号井中冷水的混入比例分别为80%、79%.2号井冷水混入比例比鸳鸯泉低,可能受2号井周围水泥护壁的影响.     

平顶山八矿地热温标的选取及热储温度估算

在地热系统中,地热温标通常被用来评价地下热储温度,但是众多地热温标计算出的热储温度往往相差很大,需要进一步判断矿物-流体的平衡状态。以平顶山八矿地热系统为例,讨论了地球化学温标的应用条件;通过Na-K-Mg三角图及以WATCH程序建立的多矿物平衡法在该矿的应用,证实玉髓地热温标最适合估算该矿区深部热水温度,该矿区深部热水温度约为50℃。     

铂电阻地表温度与玻璃液体地表温度分析对比

通过2010年不同天气条件下铂电阻地温传感器与玻璃液体地温表对比观测获取数据分析,不同典型天气条件下（无云、降水、低温阴天等）,观测差值的变化情况。结果表明：观测结果差值大小,主要受太阳辐射和下垫面状况影响。无云时两者受太阳辐射影响较大,观测值在早上（或夜间）至12时之前较小,12时至16时较大,低温阴天覆盖时两者的观测差值日变化较小。降雨时下垫面状况发生变化,不受太阳辐射影响,两者的观测差值会逐渐减小。     

Compositional variations in mafic phyllosilicates from regional low-grade metabasites and application of the chlorite geothermometer

Abstract Mafic phyllosilicates in metabasites affected by low-grade regional metamorphism from Wales and eastern North Greenland show variations in their structure and chemistry. These variations are related to four mineral zones in these metabasites, which are recognized on the presence/absence of various key calc-silicate minerals and also actinolite. Zones 1 and 2 equate with the zeolite facies, zone 3 with the prehnite–pumpellyite facies (or prehnite–actinolite facies in rocks with appropriate bulk rock composition) and zone 4 with the greenschist facies. Whilst variations in Fe/(Fe + Mg) in chlorite correlate closely with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios in the whole-rock, other chemical variations are clearly unrelated to whole-rock compositions. Contents of Al^iv are seen to increase systematically in samples from zone 1 through to zone 4, which relate to an increase in temperature. Calibration of alteration temperatures, calculated using the chlorite geothermometer (based on Al^iv contents) developed for meta-andesites in the Los Azufres geothermal system (Mexico), against x values (an estimate of the proportion of chlorite to swelling component in the mafic phyllosilicates) shows a decrease in the swelling component in passing from zone 1 to zone 4, i.e. with an increase in temperature. Calculated temperatures compare favourably with published stability estimates for the various key calc-silicates and actinolite. These data indicate that the chlorite geothermometer, although developed for meta-andesites from a hydrothermal system, does show a correlation with temperatures estimated from calc-silicate assemblages in metabasites affected by low-grade metamorphism developed on a regional scale.     

激光喇曼光谱碳质地温计及其地质应用

用激光喇曼光谱显微探针研究了沉积变质岩中有机碳质物的热蚀变特征,通过解谱、多元回归数据分析及氧同位素温度数据的校正,建立了一种喇曼光谱碳质地温计。该温度计的适用条件为:温度范围为200-450℃之间,有机碳质物的反射率为2.0%至15.0%(R°),也就是说对于自浅变质岩相到角闪岩相的各种沉积变质岩中,该地温计均可获得满意的结果。在澳大利亚 South Marulan 热接触变质作用地区和维多利亚 Bendigo 金矿化地区的实测结果表明,应用新的地质温度计能有效地测试出这些地区的热变质作用特征和金矿化作用的古地温的异常变化。     

Extending the applicability of the Raman carbonaceous‐material geothermometer using data from contact metamorphic rocks

The degree of graphitization of carbonaceous material (CM) has been widely used as an indicator of metamorphic grade. Previous work has demonstrated that peak metamorphic temperature (T) of regional metamorphic rocks can be estimated by an area ratio (R2) of peaks recognized in Raman spectra of CM. The applicability of this method to low‐pressure (<3 kbar) contact metamorphism was tested using Raman spectroscopic analyses of samples from two contact‐metamorphic aureoles in Japan (Daimonji and Kasuga areas). A suitable measurement procedure allows the dependence of the geothermometer on sample type (thin section, chip) and incident angle of laser beam relative to the c‐axes of CM to be tested. Two important general results are: (i) in addition to standard thin sections, chips are also suitable for spectral analysis; and (ii) the incident angle of the laser beam does not significantly affect the temperature estimation, i.e. spectral measurements for the geothermometer can be carried out irrespective of the crystallographic orientation. A laser wavelength of 532 nm was used in this study compared with 514.5 nm in an independent previous study. A comparison shows that the use of a 532‐nm laser results in a slightly, but systematically larger R2 ratio than that of a 514.5‐nm laser. Taking this effect into account, our results show that there is a slight but distinct difference between the R2–T correlations shown by contact and regional metamorphic rocks: the former are slightly better‐crystallized (have slightly lower R2 values) than the latter at the same temperature. This difference is interpreted as due to the degree of associated deformation. Despite the slight difference, the results of this study coincide within the estimated errors of ±50 °C with those of the previously proposed Raman CM geothermometer, thus demonstrating the applicability of this method to contact metamorphism. To facilitate more precise temperature estimates in regions of contact metamorphism, a new calibration for analyses using a 532‐nm laser is derived. Another important observation is that the R2 ratio of metamorphosed CM in pelitic and psammitic rocks is highly heterogeneous with respect to a single sample. To obtain a reliable temperature estimate, the average R2 value must be determined by using a substantial number of measurements (usually N > 50) that adequately reflects the range of sample heterogeneity. Using this procedure (with 532‐nm laser) and adapting our new calibration, the errors of the Raman CM geothermometer for contact metamorphic rocks decrease to ～±30 °C.     

碳酸盐岩层系热历史恢复的有机质自由基古温标研究

古温标是恢复沉积盆地热演化历史的重要指标之一。目前,有众多的古温标用于碳酸盐岩层系热历史的恢复,既有沥青反射率(Rb)、牙形石色变指数(CAI)、镜状体反射率、有机质自由基浓度(N)、激光拉曼光谱等有机质古温标,也有矿物的裂变径迹热定年、岩石声发射、伊利石结晶度等矿物古温标,但他们都有不同的适用范围。本文针对有机质自由基浓度作为古温标在碳酸盐岩层系热历史恢复中的应用进行了探索研究。根据不同受热时间和加热温度下的热模拟试验,分析了型和型有机质的自由基浓度的热演化特征,得到了自由基浓度与时间-温度(TTI)的定量关系;由此建立了自由基浓度(N)与时间-温度(TTI)的定量模型并将之应用于塔里木盆地TZ12井的热历史研究。依据自由基浓度古温标模拟得到的TZ12井区奥陶纪时期的古地温梯度为3℃/100m左右,该结果与前人对该地区热史研究的结论及本研究中依据磷灰石裂变径迹模拟的结果相一致。对于经历了多期构造运动的下古生界碳酸盐岩层系的热史恢复,最好是多种古温标并用,多种方法综合运用,才能精确地恢复有机质的热演化史。     

The Bolcana Cu–Au ore deposit (Metaliferi Mountains,Romania): first data on the alteration and related mineralisation

The Bolcana ore deposit (Metaliferi Mountains, western Romania) is a porphyry ore deposit with associated epithermal veins. On the basis of different parageneses, four alteration types were distinguished: potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic. The mineralogical and geochemical data and estimated crystallisation temperatures of alteration minerals indicate an evolution of the system from an early period of porphyry type mineralisation (Cu+Au) to a late period of low-sulphidation epithermal mineralisation (Au+base metal). To cite this article: V. Milu et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).