Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strength

A simulation was undertaken within a climatic chamber to investigate limestone dissolution under varied carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) strengths as a possible analogue for future increases in atmospheric CO₂ arising from global warming. Twenty‐eight samples cut from a block of Bath (Box Hill) limestone from Somerville College, Oxford, which had been removed during restoration after 150 years in an urban environment, were weighed and placed in closed bottles of thin plastic containing varying concentrations of H₂CO₃. Half of the stone samples were derived from exposed surfaces of the stone block (weathered) while the others were obtained from the centre of the block on unexposed surfaces (unweathered). The purpose of this was to compare dissolution of previously weathered versus unweathered surfaces in strong (pH 4·73) versus weak (pH 6·43) solutions of H₂CO₃. A temperature of c. 19 °C was maintained within the chamber representing a plausible future temperature in Oxford for the year 2200 given current warming scenarios. The simulation lasted 25 days with a few stone samples being removed midway. Stone samples show reduced weight in all cases but one. There was greater dissolution of stone samples in a strong H₂CO₃ solution as conveyed by higher concentrations of total hardness and Ca²⁺ in the water samples as well as enhanced microscopic dissolution features identified using SEM. The simulation confirms that enhanced atmospheric CO₂ under global warming, given adequate moisture, will accelerate dissolution rates particularly of newly replaced limestone building stones. However, previously weathered surfaces, such as those on historical stone exposed for a century or more, appear to be less susceptible to the effects of such increased rainfall acidity. Conservation techniques which remove weathered surfaces, such as stone cleaning, may accelerate future decay of historical limestone structures by increasing their susceptibility to dissolution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕西省山阳县小河口地区酸性-中酸性岩体地质特征及其成矿地质条件分析

通过对山阳地区地层、构造、岩浆岩特征的论述 ,归纳总结了区内酸性—中酸性小岩体的空间分布、岩石类型、岩石主要矿物、岩石化学成分、岩石碱度、稀土元素、微量元素等特征 ,从五个方面提出了酸性—中酸性小岩体具有壳幔同熔成因的证据 ,分析总结了山阳小河口地区以酸性—中酸性小岩体成矿作用为主的多金属成矿规律 ,提出了成矿模式。     

2—（2，3，5—三氮唑偶氮）—1，8—二羟基—3，6—萘二磺酸与钴的显色反应及应用

介绍了新水溶性显色剂 2 - ( 2 ,3,5 -三氮唑偶氮 ) - 1 ,8-二羟基 - 3,6-萘二磺酸与钴的显色反应及应用 ,建立了测定钴的新方法。在 pH 9.9的Na2 B4O7 NaOH缓冲液中该试剂与钴形成 1∶1蓝色稳定络合物 ,λmax为 5 88.8nm ,Co的质量浓度在 0～ 1 .0mg/L内符合比尔定律 ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 3.46× 1 0 4 L·mol- 1 ·cm- 1 。所拟方法用于环境水样及维生素B1 2 注射液中的微量钴测定 ,结果与原子吸收法相符 ,5次测定的RSD <1 %。     

峨眉山1998年8月和12月采集雨水化学组成的对比研究

为了查明峨眉山地区雨水污染物的来源，从1998年4月开始，每月从22个采样点收集雨水样，对1998年8月和12月收集雨水的化学成分进行对比并讨论。     

酸性土壤中20种元素有效态浸提体系浅析

通过对酸性土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cd、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si、P、S、Mo、F、Se、As、Hg20种元素有效态的浸提与测定，拟定了一个操作条件宽松、质量稳定，能满足区域调查需要的浸提体系和分析方案。该分析配套方案对20种元素的检出限在（0.0001～4.9）×10     

Variations in chemical compositions of the eolian dust in Chinese Loess Plateau over the past 2.5 Ma and chemical weathering in the Asian inland

Major and trace elements as well as strontium isotopic composition have been analyzed on the acid-insoluble (AI) phase of the loess-paleosol sequence from Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China. Results show that the chemical composition of AI phase of loess and paleosols is distinctive to the average composition of upper continental crust (UCC), characterized by depletion of mobile elements Na, Ca and Sr. The distribution pattern of elements in AI phase reveals that initial dust, derived from a vast area of Asian inland, has suffered from Na- and Ca-removed chemical weathering compared to UCC. Some geochemical parameters (such as CIA values, Na/K, Rb/Sr and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios) display a regular variation and evolution, reflecting that the chemical weathering in the source region of loess deposits has decreased gradually since 2.5 Ma with the general increase of global ice volume. This coincidence reflects that the aridity of Asian inland since the Quaternary is a possible regional response to the global climate change.     

Two-dimensional modelling of some CFC replacement compounds

The Cambridge 2-D Eulerian model has been used to study the potential atmospheric distributions and lifetimes of a number of CFC replacement compounds and their degradation products. The study has focused on HFC 134a and HCFCs 123, 141b and 142b and the major products formed by their atmospheric degradation. The loss of these compounds and their products by hydroxyl radical attack, photolysis and in-cloud hydrolysis have been investigated. The study has shown that HCFCs 141b and 142b have sufficiently long lifetimes to enter the stratosphere in significant quantities, where degradation leads to an increase in the total stratospheric chlorine concentration. The study has also highlighted areas where further experimental work would be valuable, in particular characterisation of the product channels for the degradation reactions and determination of the removal rates of the products in the aqueous phase.     

区域酸性沉降的数值研究 I. 模式

建立了一个三维时变的欧拉型区域酸性污染物沉降模式，模式包括源排放、平流输送、湍流扩散、干沉积、气相化学、液相化学及湿清除等六大部分。考虑到计算条件的承受能力和应用性的要求，在把握酸沉降形成的关键过程的前提下，合理地简化设计模式。相对于国内已有的工作，本模式在干沉积、气相化学、液相化学和湿清除等方面均有所改进。     

三元体系RECl_3（RE＝Dy，Yb）－HOAc－H_2O（30℃）的研究

测定了三元体系ＲＥＣｌ３（ＲＥ＝Ｄｙ，Ｙｂ）－ＨＯＡｃ－Ｈ２Ｏ（３０℃）的平衡态的溶度数据并绘制了相应的溶度图。在两个体系中分别得到了ＤｙＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ和ＹｂＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ两种固相。依据ＨＯＡｃ对ＤｙＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ和ＹｂＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ有盐抗作用这一结论得到了一种制备ＤｙＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ和ＹｂＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ的ＨＣｌ—ＨＯＡｃ法。同时，在分析测定酸的重量百分浓度时，利用“差减法”得到了Ｈ＋的准确含量。     

等离子体发射光谱法分析毒砂单矿物

研究了大孔膦酸树脂对毒砂中主、次和痕量元素的吸附行为及洗脱条件,结合巯基棉和TBP柱分离技术,建立了两个分离流程。在J-A1160型多道直读光谱仪上实现了毒砂单矿物中包括主量元素Fe和As在内的20个元素测定。主量元素As和Fe的相对标准偏差(n为5～10)分别为1.03％和0.9％,其它元素在5％～11％范围。流程经实际试样分析验证,结果与化学法相符。