国内外气溶胶观测网络发展进展及相关科学计划

气溶胶是气候变化研究中的一个极大的不确定性因素,国内外在此方面开展了大量的观测和科学研究。本文首先对当前全球两大气溶胶观测网络,世界气象组织(WMO)的全球大气观测计划(GAW)和气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)的组织、规模、设备、数据和气溶胶网络的规范作了介绍,并对近年来国际上的重大气溶胶科学计划的目标、实验方法、步骤作了介绍,说明观测网络的重要性。在此基础上对中国气溶胶观测网络的地位做了分析,并指出其在正在开展的中国气溶胶科学研究中的重要性。     

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK CORRECTION OF ROUGH ERRORS OF OBSERVATIONS

In the context of tower measured radiation datasets.following the correction principle meetinga diagnostic equation in data quality control and in terms of a technique for model construction ondata and ANN(artificial neural network)retrieval for BP correction of radiation measurementswith rough errors available,a BP model is presented.Evidence suggests that the developed modelworks well and is superior to a convenient multivariate linear regression model,indicating its wideapplications.     

用于2.4m望远镜的网络气象站

在进行天文观测时,天气因素的影响是很大的,为适应天文观测技术发展的要求,在2.4m镜附近需要建立一个网络气象站,一方面可以对天气状况实时监测,另一方面其他设备可以从网上查询并使用这些数据,以满足2.4m望远镜必须要有气象状况输入才能正常地在RoboticMode下工作的要求。文中介绍了1 wirenet气象站的原理以及软硬件设计。     

Dynamic changes of habitats in China’s typical national nature reserves on spatial and temporal scales

Until 2015, China had established 2740 nature reserves with a total area of 1.47 million km², covering 14.8% of China’s terrestrial land surface. Based on remote sensing inversion, ecological model simulation and spatial analysis methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), net primary production (NPP), and human disturbance (HD) in habitats of typical national nature reserves (NNRs) during the first 15 years of the 21st century from 2000 to 2015. And then the three indicators were compared between different NNR types and varied climate zones. The results showed that (1) the average 5-year FVC of NNRs increased from 36.3% to 37.1%, and it improved in all types of NNRs to some extent. The annual average FVC increased by 0.11%, 0.84%, 0.21%, 0.09%, 0.11% and 0.08% in NNRs of forest ecosystem, plain meadow, inland wetland, desert ecosystem, wild animal and wild plant, respectively. (2) The NPP annually increased by 2.06 g·m^-2, 1.23 g·m^-2, 0.28 g·m^-2 and 0.4 g·m^-2 in NNRs of plain meadow, inland wetland, desert ecosystem and wild animal, respectively. However, it decreased by 3.45 g·m^-2 and 2.35 g·m^-2 in NNRs of forest ecosystem and wild plant respectively. (3) In the past 15 years, besides the slight decreases in the NNRs located at the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the south subtropical zone, HD enhanced in most of NNRs, especially HD in the warm temperate humid zone increased from 4.7% to 5.35%.     

皖江城市带植被NPP时空变化及其气候响应

针对现有植被净初级生产力研究对城市圈、城市带尺度缺乏关注的问题,基于MODIS遥感数据、地面气象资料等,利用改进的CASA模型,结合回归分析、相关分析等方法探究了2000—2013年皖江城市带植被NPP的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应,为区域生态环境质量评价提供参考。结果表明:近14年来,皖江城市带植被NPP总体呈增加趋势;不同土地利用类型NPP差异显著,林地草地耕地建设用地未利用土地水体;年NPP均值呈现由南部向西北部减少的空间分布特征;植被NPP年际变化率较小,介于±10gC·m-2·a-1范围内;温度是影响研究区植被NPP时空变化的主要气候因子。     

近景摄影测量用于直接生成塑像施工图纸

对高 6.1 9m的塑像模型实施近景摄影测量以直接生成高 61 .9m铜表面塑像的施工图纸。本文报道此工程中建立精度为± 0 .0 5 mm的特高精度工业测量控制网、在解析测图仪上同时处理 4个像对、对塑像进行表面处理、统计塑像耗铜量以及直接提供铜塑像施工图纸等项研究成果。与相仿工程相比较 ,本工程的资金投入与耗时有大幅度的减少     

TM-SAR数据融合在黄河口沙咀动态监测中的应用研究

黄河口沙咀位于 1976年之前黄河入海故道与现黄河入海口之间 ,是目前世界上陆地面积生长最快的地区。该地区于 1992年经国务院批准为国家级自然保护区 ,是以保护新生湿地生态系统、珍稀频危鸟类为主体的国家级自然资源保护区。由于受河流泥沙淤积作用、海水侵蚀作用、石油开发等自然及人为因素综合作用的影响 ,该区海岸线蚀进及地表覆盖状况变化较快。利用获取的 1995 ,1997,2 0 0 0年陆地卫星TM数据 ,对地观测卫星ERS - 1和RADARSAT数据 ,通过数据融合处理及FL神经网络分类方法 ,可以清楚的对 1995～ 2 0 0 0年间黄河口沙咀海岸线蚀进及地表覆盖状况进行动态分析。研究结果表明 ,TM和SAR的融合数据对该地区动态监测有一定的优势。     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC NET RADIATION OVER CHINA*

In terms of ERBE and ISCCP data.and measured/calculated surface net radiation,computation is performed of the climatic characteristics of ANR(atmospheric net radiation) across China alongside with the discussion and relations to other two kinds of radiation and contributing factors.Evidence suggests a high linear correlation of ANR with atmosphere-absorbed shortwave radiation.whereby can be established a general expression for ANR,which decreases more sharply as a function of altitude and increases slightly with latitude in summer,and changes uniformly in winter.Eventually,a comparison is made of the findings presented in this paper and literatures regarding the ANR pattern and magnitudes,indicating their great difference.     

THE CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS OF SLOPE NET RADIATION IN CHINA*

By using the climatological calculating method for each component of slope surface net radiation proposed by the authors,calculations and analyses are done of the distribution features of slope net radiation in China with emphasis on the discussion of variations of slope net radiation in typical stations and sites with slope direction,slope,latitude and season.The distribution features of net radiation on the north and south slopes are,for the first time,mapped and discussed,revealing the great difference on the national basis,and thus acquiringa new interesting result that the negative-value area of winter net radiation on the north slope(20°)can reach Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces and middle and upper reaches of the Changjiang River.     

无线短波计算机通信网在地震数据传输中的应用

本文根据“七五”期间建立区域地震无线数据通信网的成功经验,提出建立全国地震无线短波计算机通信网的技术方案。文中对通信网系统总体结构和组网方式、通信规程、系统功能和特点进行了介绍,重点阐述了通信网软件的设计方法和主要实现技术。