兰州大学(盘旋路校区)2003年生态足迹调查分析

人均消费产品的数量是计算区域人均生态足迹关键和基础的一步。通过实地问卷调查，运用自下而上法收集资料，计算小尺度生态足迹。兰州大学(盘旋路校区)2003年的生态足迹计算结果为：人均生态足迹0．892hm^2，男、女生的人均生态足迹分别为0．976hm^2和0．788hm^2。这些数据与全国或者西部的人均生态足迹相比明显偏低，但总生态足迹为4119．3hm^2，是校园面积的73．7倍。因此，应合理利用自然资源，减少学生的生态足迹，真正做到可持续发展。     

甘肃省能源消费碳足迹变化及影响因素分析(英文)

能源消费是人类活动影响全球气候变化的主要行为之一,对能源消费导致的碳足迹进行研究具有重要意义。本文首先应用能源消费碳足迹的相关概念和方法,计算得到了甘肃省1990年-2009年的总碳足迹、各能源消费类型的碳足迹、碳足迹产值和碳足迹生态压力;然后利用STIRPAT模型进行岭回归函数拟合,探讨了经济增长与碳足迹之间的定量关系,并验证了环境库兹涅茨曲线的存在性;最后通过脱钩指数分析进一步研究了经济增长与碳足迹之间的动态变化关系。结果表明:碳足迹从1990年的每人0.091 ha上升为2009年的每人0.191 ha,呈现波动上升的趋势。各能源消费类型的碳足迹构成中,煤和石油占据了绝对地位,其中又以煤所占比重最大,石油次之,天然气所起的作用甚微。碳足迹产值由1990年的1.18万元ha-1增加为2009年的2.51万元ha-1,碳足迹生态压力也从1990年的0.10上升至2009年的0.24。人口和人均GDP是驱动碳足迹增长的主要因素,且回归分析和脱钩指数分析都表明经济增长与碳足迹之间存在环境库兹涅茨曲线。     

中国对虾生物能量学研究Ⅰ——温度、体重、盐度和摄食状态对耗氧率和排氨率的影响

实验于１９９６年５月～９月对３种规格养殖中国对虾在不同条件下的耗氧率和排氨率进行了测定。结果表明,温度、体重、盐度和摄食状态对其代谢有显著影响。耗氧率（ＱＯ）和排氨率（ＱＮ）与温度正相关,ｌｎＱＯ＝０．０５８Ｔ－２．８９４;ｌｎＱＮ＝０．０７６Ｔ＋１．１１６;而与体重呈负相关,ＱＯ＝０．５１５Ｗ－０．１２６;ＱＮ＝２５．０５Ｗ－０．１９９。在盐度５～３５范围内,中国对虾（３．０２５ｇ±０．０８８ｇ）的耗氧率和排氨率在盐度２８时最小。中国对虾（３．１３ｇ±０．０７２ｇ）摄食沙蚕和配合饲料,在饱食状态下耗氧率比饥饿状态下分别提高了８３．９％和２９．３％,排泄率增加了１１３．８％和９３．６％,表明摄食时蛋白质代谢增加显著。     

收缩城市住房空置时空分异及影响机制——基于居民用电量视角

以中国典型的资源型收缩城市—伊春市的伊春区为研究对象,从居民用电量视角对住房空置情况进行判定,同时综合运用核密度估计、网络分析以及问卷访谈等方法,基于区域、居住区、格网3种尺度,对2013—2018年住房空置时空分异格局及影响机制进行深入探究。结果表明：(1)伊春区空置住房总量和空置率总体表现为波动上升态势,在国际通行标准下处于“供需基本平衡”状态;(2)伊春区住房空置格局在区域尺度、居住区尺度、格网尺度等不同尺度下表现出一定差异性,但各尺度均总体呈现“核心-边缘”的空间分布特点;(3)人口流失、经济支撑、城市功能地位以及居民感知等因素影响伊春区住房空置时序演变,而城市空间开发扩展、住区建设演变、教育医疗设施布局、公共交通可达性等因素共同作用于住房空置的空间分异。     

Dynamics and driving mechanisms of asymmetric human water consumption during alternating wet and dry periods

Increases in human water consumption (HWC) and consequent degradation of the ecological environment are common in arid regions. Understanding the mechanisms behind these processes is important for sustainable development. Analyses of changes in HWC between alternating wet and dry periods are carried out in four arid inland basins in Central Asia and China (Syr Darya, Tarim, Heihe and Shulehe river basins). Based on runoff records, the presence of an asymmetric HWC response is proved (p < 0.01), with an increase in HWC during wet periods and a muted decrease during subsequent dry periods. This behaviour is interpreted by invoking theories from behavioural economics at the individual and community levels. A simple model based on these theories is shown to be able to reproduce the observed dynamics and is used to discuss the importance of strengthening institutional factors for water sustainability.     

Methane exchange between coal-bearing basins and the atmosphere: the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany

A precise knowledge of methane exchange processes is required to fully understand the recent rise of atmospheric methane concentration. Three of these processes take place at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary: bacterial consumption of methane and emission of bacterial or thermogenic methane. This study was initiated to quantify these processes on a regional scale in the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment. Since these areas are subject to bituminous coal and lignite mining, natural and anthropogenically-induced methane exchange processes could be studied. The methane emission and consumption rates and their carbon isotope signal were measured at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary using flux chambers. On most of the soils studied, methane consumption by bacteria was identified. Thermogenic methane was released only at some of the natural faults examined. In active and abandoned bituminous coal mining areas methane emissions were restricted to small areas, where high emission rates were measured. The carbon isotope composition of methane at natural faults and in mining subsidence troughs was typical of thermogenic methane (−45 to −32 ‰ δ¹³C). Methane exchange balancing revealed that natural methane emissions from these two basins represent no source of atmospheric importance. However, methane release by upcast mining shafts dominates the methane exchange processes and is by about two orders of magnitude greater than methane consumption by bacterial oxidation in the soils.     

中国能源消费增长特征及影响因素分析

以煤炭消费为主、总量增长迅速、结构演进缓慢、使用效率低下使得中国目前能源消费调控问题面临诸多困难。本文使用多元回归模型和通径分析法确定了中国能源消费增长的主要因子及各因子的作用机理,结果发现：影响中国能源消费的主要因素按照影响程度依次为经济增长、城市化水平、对外贸易、人口总量、能源消费结构及能源利用效率,其中经济增长、人口规模扩大是直接推动中国能源消费增长的原因,而城市化水平和对外贸易规模则通过间接作用推动能源消费增长,能源消费结构的改善和能源利用效率的提高表面上看起来会引发能源消费增加,但是其间接影响都是负的,从而使得这两个因素整体上表现为减缓了能源消费增长。     

CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES AND ATMOSPHERIC CO_2 CONSUMPTION OF HUANGHE RIVER AND CHANGJIANG RIVER BASINS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe atmospheric CO2consumed by rock weathering haslong been recognized as providing a major loss of car-bon and decreasing the atmospheric CO2(STALL-ARD and EDMOND, 1981; MEYBECK, 1983).The 0.7×109 -0.8 ×109t of carbon derived from atmo-sp…     

海底热流长期观测系统研制进展

浅海和俯冲海沟等海域,不仅是矿产和油气资源主潜力区,也是构造地震频发区,其浅表热流和深部温度信息对于了解板块俯冲和岩浆活动等过程至关重要.这些区域浅层地温场和热流场受到底水温度波动（BTV）强烈扰动,其背景热流需由长期观测来获取.在全面分析了国内外海底热流长期观测技术特点后,我们提出了系缆式海底热流长期观测方案,2013年起陆续开展了部分核心技术的预研究及一系列海底、湖底及浅孔试验.结果表明：（1）自主研制的长周期低功耗微型测温单元,在2~36℃的环境下可连续观测1年;系缆式投放与回收方案即使在地形陡峭、1.5 kn流速及无动力定位等条件下仍然可行.（2）南海北部BTV总体随水深变浅而增强,在浅水区对浅层地温场扰动不可忽略.例如,在水深2600~3200 m和850~1200 m海域分别为0.025~0.053℃（17天内）、0.182~0.417℃（2天内）,而台西南盆地北坡（水深763 m）夏季的海底热流由浅表的0.69 W·m^-2转变为0.83 m以深的-0.25~-0.05 W·m^-2.（3）兴伊措和湖光岩玛珥湖BTV向深部传导过程中其幅度逐渐减弱、相位滞后,进而导致热流方向与强度随季节发生变化.而康定中谷浅层（7 m内）地温在不同深度处同步波动,且冬高（35~36℃）夏低（28~32℃）.推测为夏季大量降雨所致;其热流浅部低（0.504 W·m^-2）深部高（0.901 W·m^-2）,指示着鲜水河断裂带深部热流体上涌.这些预研究工作为后续系缆式海底热流长期观测系统的正式研制与应用奠定了扎实基础.