对江苏胥溪河成因及其开发利用的新探讨

胥溪河东坝北岸7508钻孔柱状剖面中-3.7~-5.8 m深处2 m厚的砂夹泥砾土层和东坝至下坝间的8179号孔下部存在4.5 m厚的中、粗、细粒砂层表明,在春秋吴国开凿胥溪运河之前,该处就存在规模较大的天然河流;胥溪河沿岸薛城遗址、朝墩头遗址和下家宕新石器时代遗址的存在,以及胥溪河两岸1 km范围内地表数米之下厚达数十米的淤泥层更是古中江在胥溪河一带存在的重要证据。目前胥溪河东坝所建的船闸不利于水阳江和太湖水系的沟通,也不利于发挥胥溪河流域灌溉和航运的应有作用。若能及早开发芜 (湖) -太 (湖) 运河,即进一步拓宽芜湖→固城湖→胥溪河→东坝→溧阳→宜兴→太湖的水运航道,清除水阳江和太湖水系之间由坡积物构成的分水岭岗地堆积物,不仅可缩短长江入太湖的水上航线,还可分流长江航运船只、保证安全通航率、开发古河道砂砾石资源、稳固长江堤防,解决长江下游灌溉、分洪、排涝和冲污等一系列现实问题,推动胥溪河流域经济可持续发展。     

Overview of the MITI Nankai Trough Wells: A Milestone in the Evaluation of Methane Hydrate Resources

Abstract. Bottom-simulating reflectors suggestive of the presence of methane hydrates are widely distributed below the ocean floor around Japan. In late 1999, drilling of the MITI Nankai Trough wells was conducted to explore this potential methane hydrate resource and a Tertiary conventional structure. The wells are located in the Northwest Pacific Ocean off Central Japan at a water depth of 945 m. A total of six wells were drilled, including the main well, two pilot wells, and three post survey wells at intervals of 10–100 m. All wells except the first confirmed the occurrence of hydrates based on logging-while-drilling, wire-line logging and/or coring using a pressure and temperature coring system in addition to conventional methods. Based on the various well profiles, four methane hydrate-bearing sand-rich intervals in turbidite fan deposits were recognized. Methane hydrates fill the pore spaces in these deposits, reaching saturation of up to 80 % in some layers. The methane hydrate-bearing turbiditic sand layers are less than 1 m thick, with a total thickness of 12–14 m. The bottom depth of high hydrate concentration correlates well with the depth of the bottom-simulating reflector. Based on these exploration results, the Japanese government inaugurated a 16-year methane hydrate exploitation program in 2001.     

Laboratory experiments and thermal calculations for the development of a next-generation glacier-ice exploration system: Development of an electro-thermal drilling device

A next-generation drilling system, equipped with a thermal drilling device, is proposed for glacier ice. The system is designed to penetrate glacier ice via melting of the ice and continuously analyze melt-water in a contamination-free sonde. This new type of drilling system is expected to provide analysis data in less time and at less cost than existing systems. Because of the limited number of parameters that can be measured, the proposed system will not take the place of conventional drilling systems that are used to obtain ice cores; however, it will provide a useful method for quickly and simply investigating glacier ice.An electro-thermal drilling device is one of the most important elements needed to develop the proposed system. To estimate the thermal supply required to reach a target depth in a reasonable time, laboratory experiments were conducted using ice blocks and a small sonde equipped solely with heaters. Thermal calculations were then performed under a limited range of conditions. The experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of the shape and material of the drill head and heater temperature on the rate of penetration into the ice. Additional thermal calculations were then performed based on the experimental results.According to the simple thermal calculations, if the thermal loss that occurs while heat is transferred from the heater to ice (in melting the ice) is assumed to be 50%, the total thermal supply required for heaters in the sonde and cable is as follows: (i) 4.8 kW (sonde) plus 0 W (cable) to penetrate to 300 m depth over 10 days into temperate glacier ice for which the temperature is 0 °C at all depths and to maintain a water layer along 300 m of cable; (ii) 10 kW (sonde) plus 19–32 kW (cable) to penetrate to 1000 m depth over 1 month into cold glacier ice for which the temperature is −25 °C at the surface and 0 °C at 1000 m depth and to maintain a water layer along 1000 m of cable; and (iii) 19 kW (sonde) plus 140–235 kW (cable) to penetrate to 3000 m depth over 2 months into an ice sheet for which the temperature is −55 °C at the surface and 0 °C at 3000 m depth and to maintain a water layer along 3000 m of cable. The thermal supply required for the cable is strongly affected by the thickness of the water layer, cable diameter, and the horizontal distance from the ice wall at which the ice temperature was maintained at its initial temperature. A large thermal supply is required to heat 3000 m of cable in an ice sheet (scenario (iii) above), but penetration into glacier ice (scenarios (i) and (ii) above) could be realistic with the use of a currently employed generator.     

泥浆对钻头WC基胎体材料冲蚀磨损的试验研究

采用双喷嘴闭路循环试验装置,测试了钻头胎体材料在泥浆冲蚀作用下所产生的总质量损失TML和由纯机械冲刷作用所产生的质量损失E。通过计算得到了由腐蚀及机械冲刷与腐蚀相互作用所产生的质量损失C+S。结果表明,钻头胎体材料的冲蚀磨损不是纯由机械冲刷作用引起,而是由机械冲刷、腐蚀及他们的相互作用共同引起。因此,在有腐蚀性的泥浆中设计和选用PDC (金刚石复合片)钻头时,除了考虑胎体材料的抗冲刷磨损性能外,还应考虑钻头胎体材料的抗腐蚀性。     

广西固体矿产钻探工程技术与管理现状及其对策

从钻探设备、工艺技术、生产管理与人员素质等方面，简要分析了广西地矿局固体矿产钻探工程施工技术与管理现状，指出当前存在的突出问题以及解决这些问题的一些建议与对策。     

Deep groundwater circulation in Hercynian basement

Observations in deep drillholes reveal slow but extensive movement of crustal fluids. Geothermal observables and their interpretation by modelling heat- and mass-transfer yield flow-rates and penetration depths of deep groundwater circulation. As examples, two sites in Hercynian terranes are examined: 1) northern Switzerland and 2) KTB (Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm) in Germany. Flow rates are of the order of liters per square meter per year for both sites; depth of penetration is different (5 km and 0.5 km, respectively). Received: 3 September 1996 / Accepted: 17 December 1996     

隧道钻孔机器人及其运动学分析

煤矿井下施工瓦斯抽采孔作业过程中,钻孔机器人给进系统用于钻进过程加压、减压和给进。针对复杂地层不确定性扰动影响钻孔机器人工作性能和钻孔施工质量及效率的问题,首先分析钻孔机器人的结构组成和钻进施工工艺,根据其给进系统的工作原理,建立了减压阀控制数学模型,获得了控制输入量电磁铁电流与控制输出量减压阀出口压力的映射关系,并在明确给进力驱动方式的基础上对整个给进系统进行控制建模。随后设计了钻孔机器人给进力跟踪控制系统,使用Luenburger全维状态观测器重构被控对象状态,建立基于等价输入干扰估计(EID)与补偿的控制结构,设计了状态反馈控制器、状态观测器和干扰估计器增益矩阵,实现给进力闭环控制系统稳定的同时具有满意的跟踪与扰动抑制性能。最后利用Matlab软件搭建数值仿真模型,以某煤矿井下实际钻进施工时给进系统的实测钻进数据信号为例进行仿真研究,以给进力为控制目标,实测减压阀输出压力波动为依据设计外部扰动信号,分别采用所提EID控制方法和PID控制方法进行了对比仿真。结果表明：所提方法获得了比PID方法更小的稳态跟踪误差峰峰值,且跟踪误差更小,保证了给进系统稳定运行,具有较好的跟踪与扰动抑制性能。研究结果对提高钻孔机器人适应复杂煤层负载变化,保证其工作性能和安全高效施工提供了控制理论基础。

     

青藏高原羌塘盆地早侏罗世晚期海螂蛤页岩及其年代地层学意义

发现于德国南部的早侏罗世土亚辛期的海螂蛤页岩相沉积是中生代最早一次,也是唯一保存在大陆地层中的全球性大洋缺氧事件的典型代表。近年中国羌塘盆地已相继发现4处海螂蛤页岩相地层。北羌塘天然气水合物钻探试验井QK-5井钻遇含海螂蛤页岩相特有化石组合的地层,厚度逾150m,是迄今所知羌塘盆地纬度最高的海螂蛤页岩相产地,其他3处分布在羌塘盆地中间隆起带以南的双湖和色哇等地。海螂蛤页岩相的分布纵贯南、北羌塘,意味着羌塘盆地在早侏罗世并没有受到中间隆起带的制约而分成南、北2个独立的沉积凹陷。北羌塘西部白龙冰河、半岛湖一带与东部雀莫措、雁石坪一带的早侏罗世沉积相截然不同,形成早侏罗世西海东陆的沉积格局。海螂蛤页岩相在羌塘盆地的发现,有助于进一步认识中生代羌塘盆地沉积和古海洋演化历史。该区以海螂蛤黑色页岩为代表的富碳沉积无论是分布面积还是沉积厚度都十分可观,对盆地的天然气水合物、页岩气及常规油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

输煤管线定向钻曲线型穿越河床数值模拟

定向钻穿越技术在各类管道铺设工程中已得到广泛应用,但在输煤管线工程中应用较少,对其可行性开展研究具有重要的工程意义。本文以神渭输煤管线渭河段穿越为研究对象,在现场调查和室内外试验的基础上,建立了曲线型定向钻穿越的三维数值模型,分析了穿越后管线范围内最大主应力和最大剪应力的变化。模拟结果显示,钻孔进入和穿出地面的倾斜段孔壁最大主应力和最大剪应力随着深度的增加而增大,且均超过该区段内岩土体极限平衡状态时的主应力和剪应力强度,形成失稳段;钻至中部水平段时,孔壁最大主应力和最大剪应力基本保持不变,且均小于区段内岩土体极限强度,处于稳定状态。采用泥浆护壁对失稳段土体进行处理,通过提高管道周围土体的抗剪强度指标,增强土体强度。分析结果表明,采用泥浆护壁后整个岩土体均处于稳定状态。本文研究成果可应用于穿越工程的管道支护设计,并可为以后相关工程建设提供参考和技术支持。     

岩石力学性质的影响因素分析

室内岩石力学实验作为岩石力学性质分析的有效手段之一,已逐渐被国内外学者广泛使用。但是,由于岩石力学试验仪器、微裂隙、孔隙等各因素的影响,同组岩石样品力学参数数据结果相差较大。如何排除或减少各类影响因素造成的结果偏差,以合理的确定岩石力学性质,是岩石力学实验研究的重要内容。本文根据胶西北山东黄金4000m深钻岩石样品获得的室内劈裂、单轴和三轴试验结果,结合岩样破裂方位、方式及强度特征,分析了微裂隙、孔隙率（孔隙）、围压、岩样实验时所受摩擦力4类因素对室内岩石力学性质的影响,研究结果可为室内岩石力学试验数据的选取工作提供参考。