Artificially frozen ground and related engineering technology in Japan

Since the 1970's, frozen ground has been developing near the Tokyo Bay area around liquefied natural gas(LNG) inground storage tanks. For disaster prevention purposes, the tanks are constructed below the ground surface. Since the temperature of the liquid stored in the tanks is -162℃ the soil surrounding the tanks freezes. Since this frozen ground has existed for almost half a century, we have permafrost near Tokyo. The development of artificial frozen ground may cause frost heaving, resulting in frost heave forces that may cause structural damage of adjacent LNG in-ground storage tanks.Therefore, the demand for frozen ground engineering increased and consequently we now have advanced technology in this area. Fortunately, we use this engineering technology and artificial ground freezing for civil engineering, especially in big and crowded cities like Tokyo. This paper provides a summary of the testing apparatus, test methods, and assessment methods for frost heaving.     

土工加筋抗冻胀工作机制的研究

在分凝势理论的基础上，建立了一套考虑温度、水分及冻土－未冻土－筋材体系应力变形诸因素耦合预测加筋土冻胀和筋材拉力的计算方法，并对一维冻结室内模拟试验进行了理论分析和数值计算。通过对加筋消减冻胀及其抗冻胀工作机制的分析，提出了加筋材料对土体施加的约束，不仅减小了土体的冻胀速率，而且还使冻胀位移向未冻土区发展，从而可有效地消减土体冻胀的结论。     

再论冻胀量与冻胀力之关系

讨论了新出版的《水工建筑物抗冰冻设计规范》（DL／T5082－1998）（98版）中的地表冻胀量对法向冻胀力影响的问题，认为地表冻胀量是冻胀率沿整个冻深的叠加，法向冻胀力则是在冻结锋面上冻胀应力沿基础影响范围之内的积分，法向冻胀力与地表冻胀量没有直接联系。     

土体冻结过程中的热质迁移研究进展

土体的冻胀，融沉问题归根结底是热质迁移问题，文章概述了近年来在国际上有关这方面研究的新成果，总体上讲，冻结缘的厚度，分凝冰形成温度以及冰透镜体形成条件等作为热质迁移试验研究的重点受到关注，质的迁移研究不仅仅限制在水分的迁移，而且对于矿物质，溶质，气体等的迁移以及对水分迁移的影响都有不同程度的研究，对于冻胀预报模型，已从经验型过渡到依据基本物理，力学，热动力学理论而建立的理论模型，今后的研究发展方向是加强室内参数测试水平以及对理论模型的普遍性验证。     

关于“衬砌工程冻害新思维”问题的商榷

中国农业大学低温工程试验研究室刘镜仁同志,在《渠道（沟）衬砌工程冻害治理的新思维及试验研究》一文中,提出了一些与《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范》ＳＬ２３－９１相左的观点文章有针对性地论述了渠道衬砌中的冻害研究范畴、渠床的冻胀融沉和衬砌体的破坏、允许冻胀位移值与允许残余变形量等问题．并介绍了《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范》编制中的一些情况     

Sediment movement rates and processes on cinder cones in the maritime Subantarctic (Marion Island)

Sediment transport in the scoria areas of Marion Island is primarily the result of needle‐ice‐induced frost creep associated with diurnal soil frost cycles. Clasts move most rapidly in ?ne textured areas (532 mm a^?1; SD 382), more slowly in stony areas (161 mm a^?1; SD 179), and most slowly in blocky areas (26 mm a^?1; SD 23). Movement rates increase with increasing frost susceptibility of sediments, slope angle and altitude. The heave of dowels indicates that frost heave is active in all the scoria areas examined. The depth of effective frost heave increases with increasing altitude, with frost heave being restricted to the upper 100 mm of the soil in low altitude areas (<200 m). The heave of 150 mm dowels at the higher altitude sites provides evidence for segregation ice formation at depths greater than those associated with needle ice and diurnal soil frost cycles. Vertical movement pro?les show a concave downslope pro?le, with sediment movement rates being most rapid at the soil surface and decreasing rapidly with depth. This pro?le shape is typical of areas dominated by diurnal freeze–thaw cycles and needle ice. The capture of sediments moving downslope in troughs and the sampling of material lifted by needle ice, suggest that sediment transport by needle ice under present conditions is extremely effective. Observations suggest that although both ?ne material and clasts are transported downslope, some preferential transport of clasts occurs. Experiment results and observations of soil frost processes suggest that frost creep associated with needle ice activity is the dominant slope process in the scoria areas of Marion Island. Other slope processes such as slopewash and debris ?ows appear to play a relatively minor and localized role in sediment transport. It is suggested that needle ice activity is likely to be the dominant geomorphic agent in other areas of the Subantarctic with similar climatic characteristics to Marion Island. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三江平原沼泽湿地区道路冻害

三江平原沼泽湿地区,在自然和人为影响下,发育着五种不同类型的道路翻浆,某些路段产生雪阻,冰糊(涎流冰)、路面挂冰等道路冻害,严重影响交通运输,采取相应防治措施维持运营。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区涵洞基础的冻融变形特征

对青藏铁路沱沱河试验段两座拼装式涵洞进行了地基地温及冻融变形监测，分析了涵洞多年冻土上限处的地温变化及地基的冻融变形特征。结果表明：涵洞地基的变形随地温的年波动变化。可分为冻胀和融沉两部分。冻胀变形小于下沉变形，涵洞基础的变形整体上表现为渐减沉降的特征；铁路路基及涵洞的修建改变了多年冻土原来的水热平衡，使涵洞多年冻土上限处地温产生正温波动，冻土上限产生变化。导致了涵洞地基土体沿涵洞纵向的不均匀变形。     

湿度小的晴夜成霜分析

通过对滑县2005年12月两次低湿天气条件下成霜个例分析发现,在相对湿度较小的晴夜,只要地面或近地物有足够的辐射冷却条件、贴地层有适当的水汽供应,仍可有霜形成。     

甘肃省霜冻日期时空变化特征及影响因素

在全球变暖背景下,全面掌握甘肃省霜冻日期的变化规律,有利于提高霜冻灾害的预警能力,保护区域环境,促进气候资源合理开发。使用0 cm地面最低温度资料,采用线性倾向估计法得到霜冻日期的气候倾向率,利用Mann-Kendall法和滑动t检验法探测霜冻日期的突变时间,构建霜冻站次比表征霜冻的影响范围,利用标准差方法计算霜冻日期的稳定性,采用Hurst指数法预测霜冻日期的未来趋势,结合相关系数法分析霜冻日期的影响因素。研究表明:(1)初霜冻日期、终霜冻日期、无霜冻日数发生突变的年份分别为2002,1996和1999年。(2)霜冻日期年际变化幅度为无霜冻日数>初霜冻日期>终霜冻日期;河西变化幅度整体高于河东,对全省霜冻日期变化的贡献较大。(3)全省霜冻日期稳定性顺序为初霜冻日期>终霜冻日期>无霜冻日数,河西霜冻日期稳定性好于河东。(4)初霜冻日期、终霜冻日期、无霜冻日数分别遵循"北早南迟,西早东迟"、"北迟南早,西迟东早"、"北短南长,西短东长"的空间分布规律。(5)在未来,初霜冻日期推迟,终霜冻日期提前,无霜冻日数延长,但变化幅度略有差异,无霜冻日数>终霜冻日期>初霜冻日期;河西终霜冻日期提前达到全省平均水平,无霜冻日数或超过河东。可知,霜冻日期的迟早、长短、稳定性,是由初、终霜冻日期、海拔以及经、纬度综合作用的结果,主导因素显著性差异较大。无霜冻日数的延长,是由初、终霜冻日期稳定性变差所致。