LAKE-ICE BLISTERS, TERRA NOVA BAY AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA LAND, ANTARCTICA

Ice blisters, typically 0.2–0.8 m high and 5–20 m long, develop annually on perennially frozen lakes in Northern Victoria Land. They are believed to be caused by hydrostatic pressures generated through progressive freezing of solute-rich water beneath the lake-ice cover during winter. Lake-ice blisters in the study area differfrom icing blisters described from the northern hemisphere. The latter are caused by hydraulic pressures and are found at locations such as river beds or spring sites on sloping terrain. The Antarctic lake-ice blisters reflect the occurrence of dry-based perennially frozen lakes with high salt contents in an extremely cold and arid environment.     

FINE SCALE VARIABILITY IN SOIL FROST DYNAMICS SURROUNDING CUSHIONS OF THE DOMINANT VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES (AZORELLA SELAGO) ON SUB‐ANTARCTIC MARION ISLAND

Through changing soil thermal regimes, soil moisture and affecting weathering and erosion processes plants can have an important effect on the physical properties and structure of soils. Such physical soil changes can in turn lead to biological facilitation, such as vegetation‐banked terrace formation or differential seedling establishment. We studied the fine scale variability in soil temperature and moisture parameters, specifically focusing on frost cycle characteristics around cushions of the dominant, vascular plant species, Azorella selago, on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. The frost season was characterised by numerous low intensity and very shallow frost cycles. Soils on eastern cushion sides were found to have lower mean and maximum temperatures in winterthan soils on western cushion sides. In addition, lower variability in temperature was found on eastern cushion sides in winterthan on western cushion sides, probably as a result of higher wind speeds on western cushion sides and/or eastern, lee‐side snow accumulation. Despite the mild frost climate, extensive frost heave occurred in the study area, indicating that needle ice forms at temperatures above ?2°C. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of frost pull as a heave mechanism under shallow frost conditions. The results highlight the importance of Azorella cushions in modifying site microclimates and of understanding the consequences of these modifications, such as potentially providing microhabitats. Such potential microhabitats are particularly important in light of current climate change trends on the island, as continued warming and drying will undoubtedly increase the need for thermal and moisture refugia.     

Study of experiment method for triaxial frost heaving constitutive relation of frozen soil

A new experiment method is introduced to study the relations between frost heaving strain and stress of soil or fracture rock under different moisture contents, temperatures and stress states. Based on experiments, a new triaxial frost heaving stress-strain relation is presented aiming at tunnel in cold regions. The experimental equipments are strain-controlled and low temperature buildup, and different restrained conditions are controlled by changing the stiffness of a test-force-ring. Then the frost heaving strain and stress of soil or fracture rock can be obtained under different restrained conditions, and the frost heaving stress-strain relation can be got by regression analysis of some feature points. Experiments of saturated sandy soil conducted by this method show that the triaxial frost heaving stress-strain relation could be expressed by logarithmic curves, and the frost heaving stress changes linearly with the logarithm of the frost heaving strain. The stronger the constraint, the smaller the frost heaving strain and the larger the frost heaving stresses. The frost heaving stresses would tend to a limit value with increasing the constraint intensity. The larger the confining pressure, the larger the frost heaving strain and stress.     

The spatio-temporal variations of frost-free period in China from 1951 to 2012

The frost-free period(FFP)first frost date(FFD) and last frost date(LFD) have been regard as the important climate variables for agricultural production. Understanding the spatio-temporal variations of the FFPFFD and LFD is beneficial to reduce the harmful impacts of climate change on agricultural production and enhance the agricultural adaptation. This study examined daily minimum temperatures for 823 national-level meteorological stationscalculated the values of FFDLFD and FFP for station-specific and region-specific from 1951 to 2012estimated the gradients of linear regression for station-specific moving averages of FFDLFD and FFPand assessed station-specific time series of FFP and detected the abrupt change. The results as follows: at both the station level and the regional levelthe FFP across China decreases with the increase of latitude from south to northand with the increase of altitude from east to west generally. At the station levelthe inter-annual fluctuations of FFDLFD and FFP in south and west agricultural regions are greater than those in north and east. At the regional levelexcluding the QT regiontemporal changes of FFP are relatively small in both the low-latitude and the high-latitude regionsbut for the mid-latitude regions. According to the linear trend gradients of the moving average values of station-specific FFDLFD and FFPFFD was delayedLFD advancedand FFP extended gradually over the 80% of China. Furthermorethe change magnitudes for FFDLFD and FFP in the north and east agricultural regions are higher than that in the southern and western. Among the 659 station-specific time series of FFP examined by the Mann-Kendall test341 stationslocated mainly in the north regionhave one identifiable and significant abrupt change. And at the 341 stations with identified abrupt changesmost(57%) abrupt changes occurred during 1991–2012followed by the periods of 1981–1990(28%)1971–1980(12%)and 1951–1970(3%). The spatio-temporal variations of FFDLFD and FFP would provide important guidance to agricultural practices.     

钻孔埋管注盐法整治季节冻土区路基冻害现场试验研究

以季节冻土区青藏铁路环青海湖段路基冻害为背景,通过选取典型冻害断面,从水分、温度和土性三个方面分析了环湖段路基冻害成因。根据路基病害处理中成熟应用的注浆和注盐法,提出采用钻孔埋管注盐法整治路基病害技术,通过现场冻胀观测,检验注盐法整治路基的有效性。结果表明：环湖段路基冻害主要是由于路基土体内存在一层低液限低渗透性的粉质黏土,黏粒含量高,含水率大,冻深最大为1.5 m,粉质黏土层冻结,引起路基冻胀。结合现场试验段,对用盐量、盐的成分、施工工艺与参数提出合理的施工建议。现场冻胀监测表明,钻孔埋管注盐段路基的冻胀量明显降低,可用于季节冻土区路基冻害的整治治理。     

鄂尔多斯高原西南部清代霜雪灾害研究

通过对鄂尔多斯高原西南部清代文献资料的搜集、整理和定量分析,研究了该区霜雪灾害等级、阶段、时空变化、周期及其成因。结果表明,鄂尔多斯高原西南部共发生霜雪灾害57次,其中轻度10次,中度43次,重度4次。灾害变化可分为1644-1733年、1734-1783年、1784-1833年、1834-1863年及1864-1912年等5个阶段。时间上,灾害主要发生在秋末冬初和初春;空间上,灾害主要分布在银川、中卫、平罗、永宁、盐池和定边,共6个地区。同时,小波分析结果表明,灾害存在着4个明显的发生周期,即3 a、6 a、27 a和58 a的周期。降雪或寒流引起的气温骤降至0℃以下是造成鄂尔多斯高原西南部霜雪灾害发生的主要原因。     

Soil frost effects on soil water and runoff dynamics along a boreal forest transect: 1. Field investigations

To determine how soil frost changes flowpaths of runoff water along a hillslope, a transect consisting of four soil profiles directed towards a small stream in a mature forest stand was investigated at Svartberget, near Vindeln in northern Sweden. Soil temperature, unfrozen water content, groundwater level and snow depth were investigated along the transect, which started at the riparian peat, and extended 30 m upslope into mineral soils. The two, more organic‐rich profiles closest to the stream had higher water retention and wetter autumn conditions than the sandy mineral soils further upslope. The organic content of the soil influenced the variation in frost along the transect. The first winter (1995–96) had abnormally low snow precipitation, which gave a deep frost down to 40–80 cm, whereas the two following winters had frost depths of 5–20 cm. During winter 1995–96, the two organic profiles close to the stream had a shallower frost depth than the mineral soil profile higher upslope, but a considerably larger amount of frozen water. The fraction of water that did not freeze despite several minus degrees in the soil was 5–7 vol.% in the mineral soil and 10–15 vol.% in the organic soil. From the measurements there were no signs of perched water tables during any of the three snowmelt periods, which would have been strong evidence for changed water flowpaths due to soil frost. When shallow soil layers became saturated during snowmelt, especially in 1997 and 1998, it was because of rising groundwater levels. Several rain on frozen ground events during spring 1996 resulted in little runoff, since most of the rain either froze in the soil or filled up the soil water storage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大坂山隧道围岩冻融损伤的CT分析

为了研究大坂山隧道围岩的抗冻特性,将采自隧道Ｋ１０６＋４００截面处的岩样加工成２４块样品,样品的高度和直径均为５０ｍｍ。将样品分成４组,每组６个样品。根据《公路工程石料试验规程》中的岩石抗冻融,试样冻融后的抗压强度分别为７７．７１,６８．９５,６３．７７和５０．７７ＭＰａ,实验结果表明,该隧道围岩抗冻性能良好,不会由于冻融产生过快的风化,力学性能较稳定。此外,还利用对冻融产 试样进行了检测,检测结     

西南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛冷圈的结构特征

根据坑探、物探、测温资料和含冰量、含盐度的分析,讨论了菲尔德斯半岛的冻土上限及其垂直梯度的变化,并论证了石环区碗状冻结面的存在,提出了本区地壳冷圈的五层结构,即活动层、冻结砂砾石层、受海水渗透作用过的冻结火山岩层、无海水渗透影响的冻结火山岩层和未冻结的古陆基底层;肯定了离岸海下冻土的存在;发现了含盐量高的冻土电阻率可低达80Ω.m,并对冰缘地貌发育有抑制作用。     

黑龙江省43a初霜冻时空特征分析及对主要作物安全成熟的影响

本文对黑龙江省近43a初霜冻趋势时空特征进行了分析，在空间上，全省平均每10a向北推移1-2d：在时间上，年变化推迟0．094d，43a来平均推迟约4d。根据黑龙江省各主要作物成熟期的时空分布情况，讨论了初霜冻对主要作物安全成熟的影响。