吉林省季节冻土冻结深度变化及对气候的响应

为了掌握季节冻土冻结深度的变化对气候的响应,利用1961-2015年吉林省46个气象站的逐日平均气温、地表温度、积雪深度、冻土冻结深度等数据,采用线性倾向估计、突变分析等方法,研究了吉林省季节冻土冻结深度的时空演变规律及其与气温、积雪的关系。结果表明：吉林省季节冻土最大冻结深度呈由西向东逐渐减小的空间分布特征,绝大多数站最大冻结深度呈减小趋势。基本上在10月开始冻结,次年3月达到最深,6月完全融化。西部冻土冻结深度变幅较大,其次是中部,东部最小。1961-2015年季节冻土最大冻结深度以-5.8 cm·（10a）^-1的速率显著减小（P<0.01）。最大冻结深度基本上呈逐年代减小的趋势,从20世纪90年代开始,最大冻结深度明显减小。最大冻结深度在1987年发生了突变,突变后平均最大冻结深度比突变前平均最大冻结深度减小了22.2 cm。通过分析气温和积雪深度对冻结深度的影响,认为冻土冻结深度对气温变化较为敏感,绝大多数站最大冻结深度与平均气温呈负相关关系。在年际变化上,气温的上升是最大冻结深度减小的主要原因。在季节冻土稳定冻结期,积雪深度超过10 cm,保温作用逐渐变强;当积雪深度达到20 cm时,保温作用显著,冻土冻结深度变浅。     

季节冻土区高速铁路防冻胀路基保温强化特性研究

季节冻土区路基的冻胀变形影响高速列车的运行速度、行车安全。以普通级配碎石路基结构为原型,建立轨下基础热-力耦合模型和路基结构外力作用模型,通过温度场和变形场的现场监测数据、力学特性计算的文献资料验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上建立水泥稳定碎石路基、保温强化层+级配碎石路基、保温强化层+水泥稳定碎石路基3种防冻胀路基模型,计算冻胀变形和受力特性。结果表明：保温强化层和水泥稳定碎石填料均有效减小了路基的冻胀变形,其中保温强化层+水泥稳定碎石路基的冻结深度和最大冻胀量最小,分别为0.8 m、1.585 mm;保温强化层可减小基床表层竖向应力,且弹性模量较大的水泥稳定碎石可加速竖向应力的衰减,使得基床底层承受应力减小。保温强化层+水泥稳定碎石基床表层结构可为季节冻土区高速铁路路基结构的选型提供参考。     

硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀机理研究现状与进展

盐渍土地区发生的土体盐冻胀破坏严重危害到渠道、公路、铁路、机场跑道、桥梁等工程建筑的稳定性和耐久性,因此解决实际工程中的盐胀及冻胀等病害问题具有十分重要的意义。从微观结构、单次降温、冻融循环、水盐运移和构建机理模型等方面综述了近年来国内外关于盐冻胀机理的最新研究成果,总结了目前研究中存在的问题及不足,并对今后盐渍土盐冻胀机理的研究方向进行了展望。     

护坡工程中保温板防冰冻设计

寒冷地区的护坡工程经常会由于土基冻胀而产生隆起、或是在冰弯矩作用下产生推坡的现象,从而使护坡工程在风浪淘刷下产生破坏。利用聚苯乙烯保温板阻隔大气负温对土基的侵袭,提高土基地温,从而减小冻深,削弱冻胀,避免护坡遭受破坏。经过对聚苯乙烯保温板的物理力学性质及冻融特性的试验分析,指出重度、含水率、导热系数、抗压强度、冻融循环次数对聚苯乙烯保温板保温效果的影响。提出护坡工程的抗冰冻设计方法,对有关问题的进一步研究和护坡抗冰冻设计具有参考意义。     

LAKE-ICE BLISTERS, TERRA NOVA BAY AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA LAND, ANTARCTICA

Ice blisters, typically 0.2–0.8 m high and 5–20 m long, develop annually on perennially frozen lakes in Northern Victoria Land. They are believed to be caused by hydrostatic pressures generated through progressive freezing of solute-rich water beneath the lake-ice cover during winter. Lake-ice blisters in the study area differfrom icing blisters described from the northern hemisphere. The latter are caused by hydraulic pressures and are found at locations such as river beds or spring sites on sloping terrain. The Antarctic lake-ice blisters reflect the occurrence of dry-based perennially frozen lakes with high salt contents in an extremely cold and arid environment.     

FINE SCALE VARIABILITY IN SOIL FROST DYNAMICS SURROUNDING CUSHIONS OF THE DOMINANT VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES (AZORELLA SELAGO) ON SUB‐ANTARCTIC MARION ISLAND

Through changing soil thermal regimes, soil moisture and affecting weathering and erosion processes plants can have an important effect on the physical properties and structure of soils. Such physical soil changes can in turn lead to biological facilitation, such as vegetation‐banked terrace formation or differential seedling establishment. We studied the fine scale variability in soil temperature and moisture parameters, specifically focusing on frost cycle characteristics around cushions of the dominant, vascular plant species, Azorella selago, on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. The frost season was characterised by numerous low intensity and very shallow frost cycles. Soils on eastern cushion sides were found to have lower mean and maximum temperatures in winterthan soils on western cushion sides. In addition, lower variability in temperature was found on eastern cushion sides in winterthan on western cushion sides, probably as a result of higher wind speeds on western cushion sides and/or eastern, lee‐side snow accumulation. Despite the mild frost climate, extensive frost heave occurred in the study area, indicating that needle ice forms at temperatures above ?2°C. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of frost pull as a heave mechanism under shallow frost conditions. The results highlight the importance of Azorella cushions in modifying site microclimates and of understanding the consequences of these modifications, such as potentially providing microhabitats. Such potential microhabitats are particularly important in light of current climate change trends on the island, as continued warming and drying will undoubtedly increase the need for thermal and moisture refugia.     

近50年山西终霜冻的时空分布及其影响因素

利用山西62 个气象观测站1961-2010 年的逐日最低地温资料,分析了山西终霜冻的时空分布特征,结果表明：（1）山西近50 年平均终霜冻日为4 月12 日,总体上呈现南部早北部晚的规律,但具体分布还受地形及地理位置的影响;平均终霜冻日与纬度和海拔高度均呈显著的正相关,且纬度对平均终霜冻日的影响要大于海拔高度。（2）M-K突变检验表明,大部分站点的终霜冻日都发生了显著的气候突变,突变时间在1975-1996 年之间;突变年份与海拔高度和纬度均为负相关,且与纬度的相关程度比海拔高度更为密切。（3）山西近50 年终霜冻变化趋势的分布具有明显的区域差异,提前幅度较大的地区主要位于中西部和南部的广大地区,推后幅度较大的地区集中在西北部以及中东部;变化趋势与海拔高度和纬度均为负相关,海拔高度对变化趋势的影响大于纬度。（4）山西正常终霜冻的出现概率为54%~74%,出现概率最大的地区位于东南部以及北中部等地;偏晚终霜冻出现概率为2%~22%,北部和东南部是偏晚终霜冻出现概率最大的地区;特晚终霜冻的出现概率为14%~36%,出现概率较大的地区集中在北中部和中西部。（5）海拔高度与偏晚终霜冻发生概率呈负相关关系,纬度与特晚终霜冻发生概率呈正相关关系;纬度、海拔高度与正常终霜冻发生概率的相关都不密切;纬度对不同程度终霜冻发生概率的影响要大于海拔高度。     

极端低温对水泥基材料的影响

在气候变化引起的极端低温条件下,水泥基材料的性能变化直接影响水工混凝土的性能。本文以不同含水条件的水泥基材料为研究对象,在-60℃极端低温条件下,对水泥基材料的质量损失、相对动弹模变化、抗折强度、抗压强度、冻胀变形、孔隙率和平均孔径等参数进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,-60℃极端低温冻融作用使水泥基材料的力学性能下降、轴向冻胀率变大、孔隙率增大、平均孔径变大。并揭示了受冻前后水泥基材料含水条件对其抗冻性、力学性能、冻胀变形和微观孔结构等性能的影响规律。     

1951年以来中国无霜期的变化趋势

准确界定无霜期及初、终霜日的时空变化是减少气候变化对农业生产的危害、有效提升农业适应性的重要内容。根据1951年以来国内824个气象站点日最低气温资料,分析初、终霜日和无霜期在全国的分布特征,采用累积距平和线性倾向估计模拟三者的变化趋势,并对无霜期进行突变检验。结果显示：① 中国无霜期随纬度增加或海拔升高而减少,无霜期的年际波动幅度随纬度增加或随海拔降低而减少。② 中国80%以上区域呈现初霜日推后、终霜日提前和无霜期延长的趋势,且三者的变化幅度均是北方大于南方、东部大于西部。③ 中国多数农区无霜期延长是初霜日推后和终霜日提前共同影响,而西南区和长江中下游区部分地区无霜期延长是初霜日的推后幅度大于终霜日的推后幅度或终霜日的提前幅度大于初霜日的提前幅度。④ 中国过半区域无霜期在1980s和1990s发生突变。突变集中分布在东北区中西部、内蒙及长城沿线区、黄淮海区、青藏区和甘新区;突变时间上,东部农区和西部农区无霜期分别在1980s和1990s突变。     

A soil water and heat transfer model including changes in soil frost and thaw fronts

Freeze-thaw processes in soils,including changes in frost and thaw fronts(FTFs),are important physical processes.The movement of FTFs affects soil hydrothermal characteristics,as well as energy and water exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes in the land surface.This paper reduces the issue of soil freezing and thawing to a multiple moving-boundary problem and develops a soil water and heat transfer model which considers the effects of FTF on soil hydrothermal processes.A local adaptive variable-grid method is used to discretize the model.Sensitivity tests based on the hierarchical structure of the Community Land Model(CLM)show that multiple FTFs can be continuously tracked,which overcomes the difficulties of isotherms that cannot simultaneously simulate multiple FTFs in the same soil layer.The local adaptive variable-grid method is stable and offers computational efficiency several times greater than the high-resolution case.The simulated FTF depths,soil temperatures,and soil moisture values fit well with the observed data,which further demonstrates the potential application of this simulation to the land-surface process model.