寒区路面

The article mainly discusses several essential problems of cold region pavement, including thermal cracking of asphalt concrete, cracking deterioration and heaving, frost heave, seasonal and long term roughness induced by different frost heave, frost heave cracking, bearing capacity loss during spring thaw. The reason for these problems is that cold region pavements are subjected to intense solicitation by climatic and environmental factors. The author offers several models corresponding to the solicitation. Furthermore in conclusion of the article the author indicates future research for cold region.     

Modelling hydrological conditions in the maritime forest region of south‐western Nova Scotia

Hydrological processes and conditions were quantified for the Mersey River Basin (two basins: one exiting below Mill Falls, and one exiting below George Lake), the Roger's Brook Basin, Moosepit Brook, and for other selected locations at and near Kejimkujik National Park in Nova Scotia, Canada, from 1967 to 1990. Addressed variables included precipitation (rain, snow, fog), air temperature, stream discharge, snowpack accumulations, throughfall, soil and subsoil moisture, soil temperature and soil frost, at a monthly resolution. It was found that monthly per hectare stream discharge was essentially independent of catchment area from <20 km² to more than 1000 km². The forest hydrology model ForHyM2 was used to simulate monthly rates of stream discharge, throughfall and snowpack water equivalents for mature forest conditions. These simulations were in good agreement with the historical records once the contributions of fog and mist to the area‐wide water budget were taken into account, each on a monthly basis. The resulting simulations establish a hydrologically consistent, continuous, comprehensive and partially verified record for basin‐wide outcomes for all major hydrological processes and conditions, be these related to stream discharge, soil moisture, soil temperature, snowpack accumulations, soil frost, throughfall, interception and soil percolation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitative study of a rapidly weathering overhang developed in an artificially wetted sandstone cliff

Those factors controlling the weathering and erosion of sandstone on the field scale are still not well understood. In this study, a specific sandstone overhang (and its surroundings) with artificially induced and extremely high erosion rates was subjected to a complex investigation. Contrast between the erosion rate of the wet and dry portions of the same cliff enabled isolation of the factors responsible for rapid sandstone retreat. Erosion rates, moisture, and salt content, as well as suction were monitored in the field. Mineral phases and water chemistry were analyzed. The measurement of tensile strength, laboratory frost weathering tests, and numerical modeling of stress were performed. The acquired data show that an increase of moisture content in pores in the area of the studied overhang decreased tensile strength of the sandstone to 14% of its dry value, and increases the sandstone weathering and erosion rate, by nearly four orders of magnitude, compared to the same sandstone under natural moisture conditions outside of the cliff area. Consequently, frost weathering, in combination with wetting weakening was found to play a major role in weathering/erosion of the sandstone cliff and overhang. Frost weathering rate in both the laboratory and field increases up to 15 times with decreasing gravity‐induced stress. The results also indicate that sandstone landforms in temperate climates may potentially develop very rapidly if the pore space is nearly saturated with water, and will later remain relatively stable when the moisture content decreases. As a general implication, it is suggested that overhangs in Central Europe (and elsewhere) might be the result of rapid frost weathering of nearly saturated sandstone during the Last Glacial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural and thermal controls of rockfall frequency and magnitude within rockwall–talus systems (Swiss Alps)

Both from a systemic and natural hazard perspective, it is essential to understand the causes and frequency of rockfalls in mountain terrain and to predict the block sizes deposited at specific locations. Commonly, rockfalls are studied either retrospectively, using talus slopes, or directly by rockwall surveys. Nevertheless, our understanding of rockfall activity, particularly at the lower magnitude spectrum, is still incomplete. Moreover, the explanatory framework is rarely addressed explicitly. In this study, we investigate two rockwall–talus systems in the Swiss Alps to estimate the rockfall frequency–magnitude pattern and their key controls. We present a holistic approach that integrates deductive geotechnical and thermal investigations of the source rockwalls with abductive talus‐based explanations of rockfall volume and frequency. The rockwalls' three‐dimensional (3D) joint pattern indicates that 75% of the blocks may be released as debris fall (< 14 m³) and boulder falls (14–61 m³), which is mirrored in the corresponding talus material. Using two‐year records of near‐surface rockwall temperatures as input for a 1D heat conduction model underlines the destabilizing role of seasonal ice segregation. Deepest frost cracking of 300 cm may occur on the north‐northeast (NNE)‐exposed, snow‐rich rockwall, with peaks at the outermost surface. The synthesis of all data suggests that infrequent, large planar slides (approximately every 250 years) overlain by smaller, more frequent wedge and toppling failures (approximately every 17–50 years) as well as high‐frequency flake‐like clasts (3–6 events/year) characterize the rockfall frequency–magnitude pattern at Hungerli Peak. Here, we argue that small‐size rockfalls need more scientific attention, particularly in discontinuous permafrost zones. Our study emphasizes that future frequency–magnitude research should ideally incorporate site‐specific structural and thermal properties, rather than just focusing on climatic or meteorological triggers. We discuss how holistic rockwall–talus approaches, as proposed here, could help to increase our process understanding of rockfalls in mountain environments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国寒区输水工程研究进展与展望

由于极端寒冷和其他复杂环境条件, 寒区输水工程容易发生冻害, 威胁其供水能力和安全保障。通过综述寒区输水工程研究的文献和进展, 概括冻害现象、 冻害原因、 研究方法以及防治措施, 提出未来需要研究和应对的问题。寒区输水工程冻害现象主要表现为衬砌破坏, 防渗保温层破坏, 接缝止水材料脱落, 渠道基土流失、 滑塌、 冰塞和漫堤等; 引起冻害的原因主要为冻胀、 冻融循环、 不良地质条件、 不合理施工和管理等; 研究方法方面通常从衬砌优化设计和基土水热力分析展开; 防治措施主要有基土换填, 铺设防渗保温层和排水等。目前研究中的不足主要表现在衬砌受力分析模型过于简化, 对不同防渗保温措施缺乏定量研究, 水热力分析时未考虑输水渠道特殊条件以及缺乏冬季延长输水时间管理的科学方法等问题。     

连山县近50年低温、霜冻的变化特征及防御措施

利用1962-2010年广东清远连山气象站低温、霜冻资料,通过数理统计、Mann-Kendall和Morlet小波分析、滑动t检验、Yamamoto等方法,对连山低温、霜冻日数的年、月变化以及初、终日进行分析.结果 表明:连山年平均低温、霜冻日数分别为43.6和12.3 d.低温、霜冻日数每10年减少2.4和1.7d左...     

电势梯度对冻结黄土电渗效果影响的试验研究

研究发现,通电作用下冻土中的未冻水会发生迁移,这种持续的迁移是一个复杂的物理化学过程,并最终伴随着冻胀的过程.为了探究这一电场作用对冻土的影响,选取冻结冻胀敏感性较高的粉质兰州黄土作为研究对象,分析其在3、4和5 V?cm-1电势梯度作用下的阴阳极变形量、通电前后水分分布规律和电流及电能损耗.结果表明:随着电势梯度的增...     

冻土区埋地油气管道应变监测及预报系统

简述了冻土灾害对埋地油气管道的影响。重点阐述了冻土区埋地油气管道基于应变的监测和评价方法。介绍了应变监测预报系统的开发及在漠大输油管道的应用。在此基础上提出:管道应变监测及其分析评价技术是保证管道安全运行的有效措施之一;通过建立应变监测预报系统,可以有效辅助管道的运行维护和管道地质灾害的减灾治理。     

季冻区公路路基砂类土冻胀分类研究

针对季冻区公路路基用土未按照土的分类标准进行冻胀分类的现状,本文对不同含泥量的砂类土在不同含水量、饱和度和密实度状态下进行了一系列闭式冻胀模拟试验。用数理统计方法分别研究了不同含泥量砂类土的冻胀率随含水量的变化规律,并且依据现行公路土的分类标准进行了冻胀分类,为公路勘察、设计、施工和维护提供重要的参考,并为季冻区公路设计规范的编制提供可靠的资料。     

中国北方初霜冻日期变化及其对农业的影响

我国北方地区初霜冻出现的早晚对秋粮产量影响极大,但目前我国关于初霜冻日期的气候研究及其气候预测业务存在定义要素不统一、同一要素定义多样化和业务预测、服务产品参考标准不统一的问题,严重阻碍了研究和预测业务的发展,也给农业部门在使用相关气象信息产品时带来了困难。本文针对以上问题作了3方面的工作:第一,将国家气候中心原有北方地区(30oN以北)初霜冻预测业务代表站由65个增加到233个,空间精细度达到行政县级,并且分析了233个测站分别用地面0cm日最低温度和百叶箱观测日最低气温定义的初霜冻日期与气象观测日期的差异,结果表明在北方地区用地温定义的初霜冻日期普遍要更接近于初霜冻观测日期;第二,本文整理分析了1961-2008年北方地区233个站地面0cm日最低温度定义的初霜冻日期的年际/年代际气候变化特征,结果表明2000年以来各地初霜冻日期推迟最为明显,而且黑龙江东部地区初霜冻日期推迟到了9月30日以后,另外在北方许多地区初霜冻日期在20世纪80年代较90年代偏晚;第三,分析了黑龙江省初霜冻日期早晚对秋粮产量的影响,结果表明,成熟期之前若无持续性异常低温时段,初霜冻日期早晚变化对水稻和玉米单产有显著影响,但其影响大小还受到作物成熟前各生长阶段的气候条件和气候条件的年代际背景调控。