泥石流的阵性波状运动

首先描述了在云南东川蒋家沟观测到的在粘性泥石流运动过程中的铺床作用，阵次交替的波状运动，以及相关的波的分化、叠加等现象。然后具体分析了阵性波不同部分的速度分布特征，给出了泥石流龙身部分的速度剖面示意图，并提出龙头是以滚动方式在残留层上运动的。两者间存在物质循环流动。由实测数据推算的波速表明阵性波是一种急流。最后从波的空间形态和传播速度的角度将泥石流的波状运动分为缓波、滚动短波和滚动长波。     

四川盆地西部侏罗纪沉积相及油气分布

四川盆地西部侏罗纪为内陆盆地，除其北缘早侏罗世有湖沼相外，主要为河流相与湖泊相，邻龙门山区发育冲积扇，其余地区发育冲积平原相和泛滥平原相。依据湖泊积水状况，将湖泊相细分为时令湖相、间歇湖相和长年湖相。印支期，甘孜-阿坝造山带形成，四川盆地由湿热气候演变为干燥、炎热气候；并使早侏罗世-中侏罗世早期成为长年湖泊环境。受燕山早中期构造运动影响，河流相、时令湖相与间歇湖相发育。长年湖相形成了侏罗系重要的生储油层系。河流相的粗碎屑岩成为储层，时令湖相与间歇湖相的泥质岩成为盖层，组成了侏罗系中上统多个储盖组合。     

Flow Adjustments Across Sea-Surface Temperature Changes

The adjustment of airflow across sea-surface temperature changes is examinedusing aircraft eddy-correlation data. Major features of the observed flow adjustmentare not included in the theory of internal boundary layers. However, the data samplesize and coverage are not sufficient to accurately quantify the additional influences.With flow from warm water over cooler water, substantial turbulence intermittentlydevelops above the newly formed surface inversion layer. The corresponding,spatially-averaged, downward momentum flux is stronger than that close to the surface.With stably stratified flow over modest increases of sea-surface temperature, areduction of stratification can trigger episodic shear generation of turbulence. Inthese cases, the primary role of increasing surface temperature in the downwinddirection is to induce shear generation of turbulence. With larger increases ofsurface temperature, upward heat flux generates turbulence, warms the air and generates a significant horizontal gradient of hydrostatic pressure. This contributionto the pressure field appears to strongly modify the flow. Major inadequacies inexisting data and future needs are noted.     

柴达木盆地西部地区古近纪与新近纪沉积相

利用数十口井的电性、岩性及分析化验资料，将柴达木盆地西部地区古近纪与新近纪沉积相划分为七种相和亚相：洪积锥、水下冲积扇、河道和泛滥平原、滨湖、浅湖、较深湖和三角洲。沉积相的空间展布概括起来分为三大带：（1）阿尔金山前西段陡坡带洪积锥-水下冲积扇-扇三角洲-河道和泛滥平原-湖相 (2)阿尔金山前中段陡坡带洪积锥-水下冲积扇-湖相；（3）昆仑山前洪积锥-河道和泛滥平原-三角洲相。沉积相不仅影响着碎屑岩的成分和结构，而且也影响其物性与含油性。由洪积锥到水下冲积扇，到河道和泛滥平原，到三角洲，到湖相，石英和胶结物含量逐渐升高，岩屑和杂基含量逐渐降低，分选及磨圆变好，颗粒的粒级变细。浅层以河道和泛滥平原及三角洲相的物性最好，深层以三角洲相的物性最好，次为冲积扇，湖相最差。碎屑岩的油气富集以河道、泛滥平原和三角洲相最好，滨浅湖相油气富集最差。     

Time constraints for Mesoproterozoic upper amphibolite facies metamorphism in NW Namibia: a multi-isotopic approach

This study presents the chronological evolution of the upper amphibolite facies Orue Unit in NW Namibia. Metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the Orue Unit were investigated using the Pb–Pb stepwise leaching technique on garnet and rutile, U–Pb multi-grain analysis on rutile, Sm–Nd–Lu–Hf leaching technique on garnet, SHRIMP analysis on zircon and Ar–Ar dating on amphibole. Each of these techniques pertains to different processes that occurred before, during, or after the metamorphic peak. Our age data can be integrated with petrological constraints to provide a more complete understanding of the metamorphic cycle. Our pre-peak metamorphic zircon ages, peak metamorphic garnet ages and peak to late peak metamorphic amphibole ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar ages bracket the upper amphibolite facies metamorphic event including hydration or dehydration processes into a time span of only ca. 20 Ma. The age data obtained by peak metamorphic mineral analyses cluster around 1340–1320 Ma. Based on age data and field observation, we interpret the upper amphibolite facies metamorphism as a large-scale regional mid-crustal event. Spot analyses of inherited zircon cores obtained by SHRIMP reflect the sedimentary origin of the respective rocks of the Orue Unit and derivation from Palaeoproterozoic protoliths. The metamorphic rocks south of the anorthositic Kunene Intrusive Complex (KIC) have previously been ascribed to the Palaeoproterozoic Epupa Complex at the SW margin of the Congo craton and were thus thought to be older than the Mesoproterozoic KIC. Our data show that the high-grade metamorphic overprint took place 30–50 Ma after emplacement of the KIC. Rutile growth ages of 1248 Ma in one sample reflect fluid activity which seems to be a local phenomenon since there is no other evidence of geological activity throughout the Orue Unit at that time. The rutile ages predate the emplacement of satellite intrusions in that area by 30 Ma and there is no causal relation between these two events.     

Tectonic and climatic control of the changes in the sedimentary record of the Karnali River section (Siwaliks of western Nepal)

Abstract A multidisciplinary study was conducted on the section of the Siwalik Group sediments, approximately 5000 m thick, exposed along the Karnali River. Analysis of facies, clay mineralogy and neodymium isotope compositions revealed significant changes in the sedimentary record, allowing discussion of their tectonic or climatic origin. Two major changes within the sedimentary fill were detected: the change from a meandering to a braided river system at ca 9.5 Ma and the change from a deep sandy braided to a shallow sandy braided river system at ca 6.5 Ma. The 9.5‐Ma change in fluvial style is contemporaneous with an abrupt increase of ?_Nd(0) values following a ?_Nd(0) minimum. This evolution indicates a change in source material and erosion of Lesser Himalayan rocks within the Karnali catchment basin between 13 and 10 Ma. The tectonic activity along the Ramgarh thrust caused this local exhumation. By changing the proximity and morphology of relief, the forward propagation of the basal detachment to the main boundary thrust was responsible for the high gradient and sediment load required for the development of the braided river system. The change from a deep sandy braided to a shallow sandy braided river system at approximately 6.5 Ma was contemporaneous with a change in clay mineralogy towards smectite‐/kaolinite‐dominant assemblages. As no source rock change and no burial effect are detected at that time, the change in clay mineralogy is interpreted as resulting from differences in environmental conditions. The facies analysis shows abruptly and frequently increasing discharges by 6.5 Ma, and could be linked to an increase in seasonality, induced by intensification of the monsoon climate. The major fluvial changes deciphered along the Karnali section have been recognized from central to western Nepal, although they are diachronous. The change in clay mineralogy towards smectite‐/kaolinite‐rich assemblages and the slight decrease of ?_Nd(0) have also been detected in the Bengal Fan sedimentary record, showing the extent and importance of the two major events recorded along the Karnali section.     

Integration of outcrop and borehole image logs for high-resolution facies interpretation: example from a fluvial fan in the Ebro Basin, Spain

Electrical borehole image logs yield high-resolution information about variations in micro-resistivity along the borehole wall. To interpret these variations in terms of sedimentary structures and lithofacies types, calibration with real rock is needed. Normally, the only real rock available is core, and this only provides one-dimensional information. In this paper, the interpretation of fluvial facies types from borehole image logs was established by direct comparison with outcrops. Four fluvial facies associations were established in an outcrop study of a low net-to-gross fluvial succession: (i) meandering rivers, (ii) braided rivers, (iii) crevasse deltas, and (iv) crevasse splays. The lithofacies characteristics and palaeocurrent distributions of each fluvial facies association were established. Two 200 m deep wells were drilled behind the cliff face outcrops. One well was cored to a depth of 150 m and borehole image logs were recorded in both wells. The wells were correlated with the outcrop. The borehole image logs were analysed by their vertical colour succession and the dipmeter pattern. Image log facies were established, and these were interpreted in terms of the fluvial facies associations encountered in the corresponding outcrops. The study of borehole image logs yields a set of diagnostic criteria for a detailed fluvial facies interpretation and the establishment of depositional trends, and thus provides a powerful tool for the direct interpretation of fluvial facies in a reservoir setting.     

中国克拉通盆地演化与碳酸盐岩—蒸发岩层序油气系统

中国克拉通盆地,如塔里木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地,下伏有裂谷或坳拉谷,说明克拉通盆地随超大陆裂解而发育,其后,克拉通盆地随超大陆拼合而上叠前陆盆地。前期热沉降环境诱发良好烃源岩形成;中期发育完整碳酸盐—蒸发岩旋回,构成有利储层;晚期挤压环境形成盖层和上叠层,形成旋回式油气系统。在古隆起上碳酸盐台地构成有利的储集带,而发育在斜坡和半深海盆地中的浊流沉积提供有效烃源岩,形成相变式油气系统。碳酸盐岩储集层结构类型由3种主要因素所控制:沉积作用、海平面升降作用与构造作用,由此形成孔隙、溶洞和裂缝3种基本原型。可进一步构成:孔隙—溶洞型;溶洞—裂缝型和裂缝—孔隙型。     

柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组沉积相及储层分布

在野外地质剖面研究的基础上,对柴达木盆地西部古近—新近系干柴沟组进行了详细的沉积相研究,分析了干柴沟组发育的冲积扇、河流、三角洲、扇三角洲、湖泊、湖底扇及风暴沉积等几种沉积相类型.详细分析了沉积相的平面展布特征.强调了三角洲相前缘、扇三角洲相前缘、滨浅湖滩坝、湖底扇以及碳酸盐岩沉积是西部地区干柴沟组有利的储集岩相带.根据生油岩及储油岩叠置组合关系,指出阿尔金山前地区、跃进-东柴山地区、大风山地区是有利油气聚集区带.     

Facies architecture and Late Pliocene – Pleistocene evolution of a felsic volcanic island, Milos, Greece

The volcanic island of Milos, Greece, comprises an Upper Pliocene –Pleistocene, thick (up to 700 m), compositionally and texturally diverse succession of calc-alkaline, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks that record a transition from a relatively shallow but dominantly below-wave-base submarine setting to a subaerial one. The volcanic activity began at 2.66±0.07 Ma and has been more or less continuous since then. Subaerial emergence probably occurred at 1.44±0.08 Ma, in response to a combination of volcanic constructional processes and fault-controlled volcano-tectonic uplift. The architecture of the dominantly felsic-intermediate volcanic succession reflects contrasts in eruption style, proximity to source, depositional environment and emplacement processes. The juxtaposition of submarine and subaerial facies indicates that for part of the volcanic history, below-wave base to above-wave base, and shoaling to subaerial depositional environments coexisted in most areas. The volcanic facies architecture comprises interfingering proximal (near vent), medial and distal facies associations related to five main volcano types: (1) submarine felsic cryptodome-pumice cone volcanoes; (2) submarine dacitic and andesitic lava domes; (3) submarine-to-subaerial scoria cones; (4) submarine-to-subaerial dacitic and andesitic lava domes and (5) subaerial lava-pumice cone volcanoes. The volcanic facies are interbedded with a sedimentary facies association comprising sandstone and/or fossiliferous mudstone mainly derived from erosion of pre-existing volcanic deposits. The main facies associations are interpreted to have conformable, disconformable, and interfingering contacts, and there are no mappable angular unconformities or disconformities within the volcanic succession.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at