应用湿Q矢量分解理论诊断分析“05．7”梅雨锋暴雨

利用Q矢量分解理论对发生于2005年7月的一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并对比分析了原非地转湿Q矢量（Q^＊）和改进后的非地转湿Q矢量（Q^M）的诊断能力。结果显示：对流凝结潜热的释放对此次梅雨暴雨中尺度系统的形成和维持起到非常重要的作用;将Q^M分解为平行和垂直于等位温线两个方向后,发现在暴雨强盛阶段,低层大气是以大尺度辐合为主,中高层相反,且南北方向有次级环流出现,表明次天气尺度的持续性水汽汇集和正反馈机制是此次梅雨锋暴雨的关键因子．     

一次非典型梅雨锋暴雨过程及其中尺度系统的数值模拟

利用常规观测资料\, 卫星观测的高时空分辨率TBB资料以及客观分析资料, 对2002年6月22~23日(“02.6”)一次非典型的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了天气分析。在此基础上, 利用中尺度数值模式MM5对此次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟, 并分析了暴雨中尺度系统的结构特征。结果表明： （1）天气分析显示, “02.6”梅雨锋暴雨过程与α中尺度低涡的东移发展和对流层低层的两支低空急流的增强发展有关。对流层低层700 hPa为一个缓慢东移与南压的东北西南向冷式切变线, 暖式切变线不太明显, 这与通常的江淮切变线梅雨锋暴雨不同。对流层500 hPa的副热带高压非常强, 高层200 hPa对流层高层的反气旋环流非常强并与高空急流相伴, 南亚高压中心位于我国江南地区。（2）TBB资料分析表明, 此次暴雨过程产生与多个β中尺度系统合并发展成α中尺度系统以及此后从α中尺度系统中不断分裂出β中尺度系统发展演变密切相关; 强中尺度对流系统主要在中尺度低涡冷、 暖切变线的的南侧发生和发展, 并不是在中尺度低涡的冷暖切变线上发展。（3）垂直结构分析显示： 在中尺度系统开始发展阶段, 中尺度系统具有强的垂直于剖面的风分量切变、 低空急流核以及高空强辐散低空强辐合, 这有利于中尺度系统的发展; 当中尺度低涡发展到相对成熟的阶段, 其后部不断分裂出中小尺度系统, 对流层低层的θe具有明显暖心结构, 由于气块绝热上升冷却效应比对流潜热释放作用强, 导致在800~600 hPa层上 θe比环境的低, 加之在强上升运动的顶部两侧的下沉补偿气流也比较弱, 这不利于中尺度低涡的维持。     

2003年7月4~5日梅雨锋暴雨维持的诊断分析

利用卫星云图、 多普勒雷达产品以及探空资料, 结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 对2003年7月4~5日淮河流域大暴雨过程发生的环境场条件、 强降水的中尺度特征、 低空急流与能量锋的配置对强降水天气的影响等进行了详细的天气学分析, 并对大气正压非平衡强迫、 低空急流与能量锋相互作用对强降水天气发生\, 发展与持续过程中的影响进行了动力诊断。结果表明： 这次梅雨锋暴雨过程, 暴雨区上空气柱内水汽较少, 孟加拉湾与南海地区向暴雨区输送的水汽占据主导地位。暴雨区的平均散度与垂直速度变化与强降水天气变化比较一致。对流层低层能量锋与低空急流的配置及其相互作用对强降水天气的发生\, 发展和维持具有重要影响。当低层能量锋与低空急流处于同时强的配置状态时, 强降水天气发生并持续; 当两者处于一强一弱或两者皆弱的配置状态时, 则没有强降水天气发生或持续。正压非平衡强迫对强降水启动作用较大, 而湿斜压热动力相互作用对强降水天气持续影响较大, 是导致强降水过程维持的主要动力机制。     

柴达木盆地石炭系沉积相及其与烃源岩的关系

在实地观测柴达木盆地石炭系野外露头剖面岩性和生物特征的基础上,详细研究了柴达木盆地石炭系的沉积相类型及特征,探讨了石炭纪不同阶段的沉积演化以及沉积相对烃源岩发育的控制作用。柴达木盆地石炭系主要发育陆表海,可划分为三大沉积相:滨岸相、碳酸盐岩台地相、浅海陆棚相;六个亚相:浅滩亚相、潮坪亚相、沼泽亚相、开阔台地亚相、局限台地亚相、内陆棚亚相。石炭纪沉积演化经历了早石炭世两次海侵和晚石炭世的持续海侵,沉积环境由滨海向浅海过渡,以海陆交互沉积环境为主,大面积的海进使得北部山前局部地区出现地层超覆现象。沉积相控制了烃源岩的分布:柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系的潮坪亚相、浅海陆棚亚相广泛发育泥岩、炭质泥岩及碳酸盐岩,可作为有利的生烃源岩;柴西南缘下石炭统的局限台地亚相是碳酸盐台地上局部相对闭塞的地带,由于水体相对较深,水动能较低,沉积物中有机质丰富,也是有利的生烃源岩发育区。      

Architecture and sedimentology of the Kerinitis Gilbert‐type fan delta,Corinth Rift,Greece

The Kerinitis Delta in the Corinth Rift, Greece, is a footwall derived, coarse‐grained, Gilbert‐type fan delta deposited in the hangingwall of a linked normal fault system. This giant Gilbert‐type delta (radius 3·8 km, thickness > 600 m) was supplied by an antecedent river and built into a brackish to marine basin. Although as yet poorly dated, correlation with neighbouring deltas suggests that the Kerinitis Delta was deposited during a period of 500 to 800 ka in the Early to early Middle Pleistocene. Facies characterizing a range of depositional processes are assigned to four facies associations (topset, foreset, bottomset and prodelta). The dominantly fluvial topset facies association has locally developed shallow marine (limestone) and fluvial‐shoreface sub‐associations. This delta represents a subsidence‐dominated system in which high fault displacement overwhelmed base‐level falls (creation of accommodation predominantly ≥ 0). Stratal geometries and facies stacking patterns were used to identify 11 key stratal surfaces separating 11 stratal units. Each key stratal surface records a landward shift in the topset breakpoint path, indicating a rapid increase in accommodation/sediment supply. Each stratal unit records a gradual decrease in accommodation/sediment supply during deposition. The cyclic stratal units and key stratal surfaces are interpreted as recording eustatic falls and rises, respectively. A 30 m thick package of foresets below the main delta records the nucleation of a small Proto‐delta probably on an early relay ramp. Based on changes in stratal unit geometries, the main delta is divided into three packages, interpreted as recording the initiation, growth and death of the controlling fault system. The Lower delta comprises stacked, relatively thin, progradational stratal units recording low displacement on the young fault system (relay ramp). The Middle delta comprises vertically stacked stratal units, each recording initial aggradation–progradation followed by progradation; their aggradational component increases up through the Middle delta, which records the main phase of increasing rate of fault displacement. The Upper delta records pure progradation, recording abrupt cessation of movement on the fault. A major erosion surface incising basinward 120 m through the Lower and Middle delta records an exceptional submarine erosion process (canyon or delta collapse).     

Architecture and evolution of the Kushiro submarine canyon in the Kurile Trench forearc slope,North‐western Pacific

An air‐gun survey, conducted over a total distance of 4356 km in the western end of the Kurile Arc offshore, has revealed the architecture and evolution of the Kushiro submarine canyon and Tokachi submarine channels of the Tokachi‐oki forearc basin. The Kushiro submarine canyon, which runs along the eastern margin of the forearc basin, is characterized by an entrenchment of up to several hundred metres in depth. The Tokachi submarine channels, by contrast, occupy the centre of the basin and consist of small, branching and levéed channels. The Kushiro submarine canyon is not connected to the Tokachi River, which has the largest drainage area in eastern Hokkaido, with a catchment area of approximately 9010 km² that includes high mountains and a volcanic region. Instead, the Kushiro submarine canyon exhibits an offset connection/quasi‐connection (probably having been connected during a prior sea‐level lowstand) with the Kushiro River (drainage area of 2500 km²) which contains the Kushiro Swamp at its mouth. To understand this unusual arrangement of rivers and submarine channels, acoustic facies analysis was undertaken to establish the seismic stratigraphy of the area. Subsurface strata can be divided into six seismic units of Miocene to Recent age. Analyses of seismic facies and isopach maps indicate that: (i) the palaeo‐Kushiro submarine canyon, which was ancestral to the Kushiro submarine canyon, was an aggradational levéed channel; and (ii) the palaeo‐Tokachi submarine channel was much larger than the present‐day channel and changed its course several times. Both the palaeo‐Kushiro submarine canyon and palaeo‐Tokachi submarine channel were fed predominantly by the ancestral Tokachi River, whereas the present‐day channels are no longer connected or quasi‐connected to the Tokachi River. Entrenchment of the Kushiro submarine canyon began in its distal reaches during the Early Pleistocene and propagated landward over time, which was possibly caused by base‐level fall (i.e. subsidence of the trench floor) or uplift of the forearc basin. Entrenchment of the upper part of the Kushiro submarine canyon began during the Middle Pleistocene, which may have been related to: (i) depositional progradation; (ii) uplift of the coastal area; or (iii) a change in source area from the ancestral Tokachi River to the Kushiro River.     

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床蚀变带元素迁移特征及定量计算

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床（MSD）位于华北地台东北部的浑北花岗岩-绿岩地体内,矿区岩石在30～28 亿年期间受到了600～650℃的高级角闪岩相变质。研究结果表明,广泛分布于红透山层状矿体下盘数百米处的和直接产于矿体下盘的堇青-直闪片麻岩,分别代表了变质后的MSD成矿系统以绿泥石化为特征的半整合和筒状不整合海底热液蚀变带。微量元素特征显示,层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩并非同一种岩石,而是由5种不同岩性的岩石组成,筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩主要由流纹质岩石组成,而在堇青-直闪片麻岩走向上与之过渡的角闪片麻岩和黑云片麻岩则代表了不同岩性蚀变岩的未蚀变原岩。质量变化计算表明,相对于未蚀变原岩而言,两种蚀变岩的成分发生了显著变化,其中层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg发生了富集,Na、K、Ca、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素被迁出,而筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg、Si、Na、Pb、Cu和Zn等元素则发生了富集,K被迁出。重稀土元素（HREE）和高场强元素(Zr、Ti、Nb、Hf和Ta)在海底热液蚀变过程中保持惰性,而Rb、Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素（LREE,尤其是Eu）则被强烈的迁出。这些元素变化特征表明海底热液蚀变以绿泥石化和硅化为特征,同时海底水-岩反应体系具有高水/岩比值。层状堇青-直闪片麻岩可作为红透山矿区成矿潜力评价的重要依据,而含硫化物石英脉的筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩不但本身可成为工业矿体,还可作为上覆层状矿体的近矿找矿标志。     

鲁东诸城地区晚白垩世恐龙集群埋藏地沉积相与埋藏学初步研究

鲁东诸城盆地白垩系由下向上包括林家庄组、辛格庄组和红土崖组。下白垩统林家庄组为杂色粗碎屑岩系;上白垩统辛格庄组为杂色细碎屑岩系,红土崖组为砖红色砂岩、砾岩互层沉积夹玄武岩(73.5Ma),为恐龙化石埋藏层位,并与区域上莱阳青岛龙及恐龙蛋化石等产出层位可以对比。诸城地区晚白垩世时期主要为冲洪积沉积环境,辛格庄组上部为洪泛平原粉砂岩—细砂岩—灰质土加积序列,局部夹扇中辫状河砾岩、粗砂岩,红土崖组下部与下伏辛格庄组顶部过渡部位是冲积扇泥石流、辫状河和洪泛平原粉砂泥质砾岩、砂岩加积沉积序列。识别出与冲积扇沉积体系相关的3种埋藏相类型:冲积扇泥石流、洪泛平原和辫状河河道(砂砾岩),前二者是研究区主要的埋藏相类型。所含化石主要为鸭嘴龙的残体骨骼,个体大小参差不等,互相间可叠盖一起,同时也有孤立发育的骨骼化石。高密度、单一种类恐龙残体骨骼化石的沉积、埋藏特征代表了恐龙集群埋藏—沉积事件。     

Sedimentary facies and geomorphic evolution of a blocked‐valley lake: Lake Futululu,northern Kwazulu‐Natal,South Africa

Blocked‐valley lakes are formed when tributaries are impounded by the relatively rapid aggradation of a large river and its floodplain. These features are common in the landscape, and have been identified in the floodplains of the Solimões‐Amazon (Brazil) and Fly‐Strickland Rivers (Papua New Guinea), for example, but their inaccessibility has resulted in studies being limited to remotely sensed image analysis. This paper documents the sedimentology and geomorphic evolution of a blocked‐valley lake, Lake Futululu on the Mfolozi River floodplain margin, in South Africa, while also offering a context for the formation of lakes and wetlands at tributary junctions. The study combines aerial photography, elevation data from orthophotographs and field survey, and longitudinal sedimentology determined from a series of cores, which were sub‐sampled for organic content and particle size analysis. Radiocarbon dating was used to gauge the rate and timing of peat accumulation. Results indicate that following the last glacial maximum, rising sea‐levels caused aggradation of the Mfolozi River floodplain. By 3980 years bp , aggradation on the floodplain had impounded the Futululu drainage line, creating conditions suitable for peat formation, which has since occurred at a constant average rate of 0·13 cm year^?1. Continued aggradation on the Mfolozi River floodplain has raised the base level of the Futululu drainage line, resulting in a series of back‐stepping sedimentary facies with fluvially derived sand and silt episodically prograding over lacustrine peat deposits. Blocked‐valley lakes form where the trunk river has a much larger sediment load and catchment than the tributary stream. Similarly, when the relative difference in sediment loads is less, palustrine wetlands, rather than lakes, may be the result. In contrast, where tributaries drain a steep, well‐connected catchment, they may impound much larger trunk rivers, creating lakes or wetlands upstream.     

Stratigraphy and depositional setting of slurry and contained (reflected) beds in the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation (Langhian‐Serravallian) Northern Apennines,Italy

This work presents the stratigraphy and facies analysis of an interval of about 2500 m in the Langhian and Serravallian stratigraphic succession of the foredeep turbidites of the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation. A high‐resolution stratigraphic analysis was performed by measuring seven stratigraphic logs between the Sillaro and Marecchia lines (60 km apart) for a total thickness of about 6700 m. The data suggest that the stratigraphy and depositional setting of the studied interval was influenced by syndepositional structural deformations. The studied stratigraphic succession has been subdivided into five informal stratigraphic units on the basis of how structurally controlled topographic highs and depocentres, a consequence of thrust propagation, change over time. These physiographic changes of the foredeep basin have also been reconstructed through the progressive appearance and disappearance of thrust‐related mass‐transport complexes and of five bed types interpreted as being related to structurally controlled basin morphology. Apart from Bouma‐like Type‐4 beds, Type‐1 tripartite beds, characterized by an internal slurry unit, tend to increase especially in structurally controlled stratigraphic units where intrabasinal topographic highs and depocentres with slope changes favour both mud erosion and decelerations. Type‐2 beds, with an internal slump‐type chaotic unit, characterize the basal boundary of structurally controlled stratigraphic units and are interpreted as indicating tectonic uplift. Type‐3 beds are contained‐reflected beds that indicate different degrees of basin confinement, while Type‐5 are thin and fine‐grained beds deposited by dilute reflected turbulent flows able to rise up the topographic highs. The vertical and lateral distribution of these beds has been used to understand the synsedimentary structural control of the studied stratigraphic succession, represented in the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation by subtle topographic highs and depocentres created by thrust‐propagation folds and emplacements of large mass‐transport complexes.