A Preliminary Study on the Probabilistic Estimation of Deaths from Future Earthquakes in North China

During the period from 1800 to 1989,the degree of fatalities(?from earthquakes in North China(Lat.34.0°-42.0°N,Long.107.5°-125.0°E)varied exponentially with the frequency of earthquake events(N),namely:N=37.71 exp(-0.72?(E-logD,D:deaths).For the periods from 1988 to 1998 and from 1999 to 2009,the probabilities for earthquakes to cause one thousand or more deaths in North China are estimated to be 0.37 and 0.50,respectively,by using the Gumbel's extreme value theory.     

Surface study of HF- and HFH2SO4-treated feldspar using Auger electron spectroscopy

Auger electron spectroscopy has been used to study K-feldspar that has been reacted with both aqueous 10% HF and a 50% mixture of a 10% HF/0.1 N H₂SO₄ solution. In the feldspar/HF system, the resulting feldspar surface was shown to have been fluorinated; depth profiling, using argon ion sputtering, showed the fluorination to have occurred substantially into the mineral bulk. In the feldspar/ $\text{HF}\text{H}{}_2\text{SO}{}_4$ system, the resulting surface contained both fluorine and sulfur. The fluorination had again penetrated into the bulk, but the sulfur could be removed with mild argon ion sputtering. The $\text{Al}\text{F}$ signal ratio was much lower on the feldspar surface treated with the 10% HF/0.1 N H₂SO₄ solution than the feldspar surface treated with the weaker 10% HF acid solution.     

Approaches for modeling longitudinal dispersion in pore-networks

The purpose of this study is to quantify the dispersivity in the longitudinal direction by upscaling pore scale mixing over a network domain and to verify the dispersivity with that obtained through the more rigorous upscaling technique, the Brownian particle tracking model (BPTM). We model a porous medium with a network of pore-units that are comprised of pore bodies and bonds of finite volume. Such a pore-unit is assumed to be a mixing cell with the steady state flow condition for a single fluid. Dispersivity can be obtained by solving the mixing cell model (MCM) for the concentration in each pore-unit and by averaging the concentrations for a large number of pore units (as a function of time and space). A minimal size of network that ascertains an asymptotic value of dispersivity was determined and verified with large size pore networks. This numerically computed dispersivity is compared with the results from the BPTM for the same porous medium and flow conditions. We show that the dispersivity obtained from the MCM is equally reliable for the heterogeneous pore-networks and can be estimated as a function of pore size heterogeneity. For homogeneous networks with the MCM, the iteration time step plays an important role. On the other hand, for networks with the BPTM, the assumption of intra-bond velocity profile affects the results.     

The monosaccharide spectra of natural waters

Monosaccharides were determined in waters and sediment pore waters from a wide variety of environments and locations. Desalting was performed by electrodialysis and concentrated extracts were analyzed by two forms of liquid chromatography. At least 12 sugars were identified. Glucose and fructose were the dominant monosaccharides in nearly all samples examined. Analyses of over 150 seawater and sediment pore water samples showed that fructose is highly significantly correlated (>0.99) with glucose concentrations. Laboratory kinetic experiments on the epimerization reaction, glucose ? fructose, in sterilized natural seawater in the dark, yielded a forward rate constant, k₁, of 1.2 × 10^?5 h^?1 at 25°C and 1.6 × 10^?7 h^?1 at 2°C. The approximate time required to attain equilibrium at 25°C was 1.1 y and at 2°C, 15.4 y; the measured equilibrium constant was in the range 0.3–0.4. The actual ratio of fructose to glucose in natural water samples was usually in the range 1.0–1.4/l, independent of the total monosaccharide concentrations, which varied in the samples by a factor of ～100. Several possible explanations for the apparent discrepancy in the determined and found ratios are discussed: the presence of universal, as yet, undiscovered major biological sources for fructose in marine environments; preferential utilization of glucose; preferential incorporation of fructose into or onto inorganic colloids; and preferential formation of fructose-transition metal ion associations.     

沉管灌注桩大面积断桩原因分析

通过2个工程实例分析了沉管灌注桩出现大面积断桩的原因是由于后期基坑开挖不当造成的，并提出了预防断桩出现的一些措施以及对断桩的处理补救措施。     

内蒙古查干诺尔铜矿区矿石特征及成因探讨

查干诺尔铜矿床产在西伯利亚板块和华北板块汇聚带附近,华力西晚期构造岩浆带内.成矿与早二叠世洋盆闭合,后碰撞高钾钙碱性花岗岩类岩浆演化晚期的钾质花岗岩有关.铜矿(化)体呈细脉浸染状产在钾质花岗岩的内外接触带内.铜矿石的主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿等;化学组分以铜、钼、金、银、铅、锌为主.主要的矿化发生在热液期,围岩蚀变明显,有钾长石化、绢英岩化、高岭土化、青盘岩化等.铜矿形成在华力西晚期,属斑岩型铜矿床.     

哀牢山南段长安金矿深部找矿新进展

长安金矿床是"十五"期间云南省重大找矿突破之一。文章介绍了长安金矿床成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿床类型、控矿因素等方面的新认识,提出了矿床主矿体并非受控于中上志留统与下奥陶统之间的加里东期不整合面,而是受控于NNW向陡立的F6断裂破碎带,属于构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿";通过采用TEM+IP物探方法圈定深部低阻、高充电率异常带,并结合成矿地质因素确定深部找矿空间,深部找矿工作获得新突破,扩大了资源∕储量。     

Thermal metamorphism of primitive meteorites—IX. On the mechanism of trace element loss from Allende heated up to 1400° C

We report data for Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Se, Te, Tl and Zn determined by neutron activation in Allende samples heated for one week at 100° increments in the 1000–1400°C range in a low pressure (initially 10^?5atmH₂) environment using an apparatus of novel design. In the extremes, concentrations of these trace elements—initially present at ppm-ppb levels—in unheated material are lowered even farther by factors of 10^?4–10^?5 over a broad temperature span. Loss of some elements above 1000°C extends trends evident below 1000°C; loss of others is even more extreme. On Arrhenius diagrams some elements exhibit but one apparent activation energy over the entire temperature span of loss while others exhibit 2 or 3, each operative in a particular temperature region. These discontinuities seem related to mineralogic/petrologic alteration and probably reflect differences in diffusion mechanism rather than siting differences. The extension of previous experiments into the temperature regime postulated for chondritic differentiation should lead to a better understanding of the evolution of meteoritic parent bodies.     

北秦岭地区三叠纪南召盆地演化及成因机制探讨

秦岭造山带作为中国中央造山带的重要组成部分,还原其复杂、漫长的演化历史始终是地质科学的研究焦点,也是亟待解决的关键科学问题。前人从构造地质学、变质岩石学等方面展开了丰富的讨论,但始终缺乏造山带内同沉积记录的精细研究。南召盆地作为北秦岭造山带唯一保存的三叠纪的地层,为研究秦岭造山带印支期的构造环境提供了最直接可靠的证据。因此本文基于精细的地质图分析,野外地质观察,利用盆地构造沉降和构造年代格架的分析方法,系统研究三叠纪南召盆地的沉积充填和沉降特征,总结出南召盆地的伸展裂陷沉积序列：底部砾岩向上迅速水体加深,形成以灰黑色页岩为主的深湖相,随后向上变为以黄褐色砂岩夹灰黑色泥岩为特征的湖泊三角洲—辫状河相;明确了快速—缓慢沉降的伸展型盆地沉降特征;厘定了南召地区的8个主要不整合面,其中,中-上三叠统太山庙组的底部为一个763~121.9 Ma的穿时不整合面;确定了南召盆地4期主要演化阶段。研究表明：南召盆地是一个伸展裂陷盆地,形成于加里东运动、印支运动共同作用产生的造山带复合基底之上,发育于印支期北秦岭造山带两次重要隆升事件之间,代表晚三叠世卡尼阶的北秦岭造山带构造活动的暂停。

     

Sulfur isotope study of Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Japanese Islands Arc

The sulfide and sulfate contents and their δ³⁴S values were determined in Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Japanese Islands Arc. The total sulfur contents are much lower (less than 40 ppm) and the δ³⁴S values are higher (+4.4 ± 2.1) than those of ocean-floor basalts (800 ± 100 ppm and +0.8 ± 0.5, respectively; Moore and Fabbi, 1971; Sakaiet al., 1982). Lateral variations of both sulfur content and δ³⁴S values were observed in the four volcanic belts in Japan. In the Northeast Japan belt, the sulfur content (30 ± 10 ppm) of the rocks in the inner zone (the Japan Sea side) is 3 to 5 times that in the outer zone (the Pacific side), although the δ³⁴S values of the two zones are almost the same (+4.3 ± 1.0). The δ³⁴S values for the two belts in West Japan are on the average 2%. higher than those of East Japan.This study suggests that the primary magmas that formed the island arc volcanic rocks are initially depleted in sulfur (<120 ppm) and enriched in ³⁴S ($\text{δ}{}^{34}\text{S: +5 ～ +7}$) compared to ocean-floor tholeiitic basalts which formed at mantle under oceanic region. This indicates that the upper-mantle is heterogeneous in sulfur content and isotope composition.