与挠曲作用相关的一种特殊裂缝形成机制

浙江省临安市上侏罗统劳村组火山凝灰岩露头中发育了很多与挠曲相关的裂缝, 地层构造简单、露头良好, 为研究与挠曲相关裂缝提供了良好的条件.通过对两处野外露头的精细测量, 发现裂缝面平直、且未被充填, 均为构造裂缝, 在剖面上裂缝的组合呈扇形.裂缝面与岩层层面夹角为44°~80°, 裂缝密度随着地层厚度的增加而增加.根据裂缝面与层面的交切关系, 将两组裂缝分别命名为: 锐夹角指示邻层相对运动方向的D裂缝和锐夹角指示本层相对运动方向的D’裂缝.通过对地层挠曲变形的几何分析, 发现两组裂缝的形成是为了调节核部地层在变形过程中产生缩短量和剩余剪切, 地层厚度与地层中产生剩余剪切成正比.结果表明, 地层厚度越大, 形成的裂缝也越多.      

考虑裂缝干扰的气藏压裂水平井产能预测模型

基于压裂水平井井身结构复杂,需要建立考虑裂缝参数变化且符合水平井渗流特征的产能预测模型.为准确预测压裂水平井产能,通过保角变换和势的叠加原理,建立新模型,不仅考虑裂缝长度、裂缝间距、裂缝夹角的变化对压裂水平井产能的影响,还考虑裂缝间的相互干扰.结果表明:压裂水平井产能随着裂缝条数、长度和裂缝夹角的增加而增大.模型通过现场验证,计算单井无阻流量与试采结果对比,相对误差为8.3%,计算结果较为准确.     

离散元微观参数对砂土宏观参数的影响

采用离散元商业软件PFC2D对密砂和松砂试样共进行了66组双轴压缩试验,试验中改变颗粒接触刚度和粒间摩擦系数以探究离散元微观参数对试样宏观参数(弹性模量和内摩擦角)的影响,其中颗粒法向刚度变化范围为1.5×108～1.5×109N.m-1,粒间摩擦系数变化范围为0.1～0.7 N.m-1。结果表明:颗粒接触刚度对弹性模量有一定程度影响且对密样影响程度大于松样,而对内摩擦角基本无影响;粒间摩擦系数对试样弹性模量有明显影响且对松样的影响程度更大,对密样和松样的内摩擦角都有非常显著的影响。     

西昌—滇中地区大、中型内生矿床分布规律及预测

用王亚光研究大型矿床空间分布规律理论来研究西昌—滇中地区大、中型内生矿床的分布规律及预测,用“矿结”一词来表明经纬线方向深大断裂交汇处是大矿的分布空间。1990年所预测的一些成矿区为1991年地质找矿工作所证实,如大红山式铁铜矿的新发现和会东发嵩铝锌矿的新进展。     

Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses

The base of Earth's critical zone (CZ) is commonly shielded from study by many meters of overlying rock and regolith. Though deep CZ processes may seem far removed from the surface, they are vital in shaping it, preparing rock for infusion into the biosphere and breaking Earth materials down for transport across landscapes. This special issue highlights outstanding challenges and recent advances of deep CZ research in a series of articles that we introduce here in the context of relevant literature dating back to the 1500s. Building on several contributions to the special issue, we highlight four exciting new hypotheses about factors that drive deep CZ weathering and thus influence the evolution of life‐sustaining CZ architecture. These hypotheses have emerged from recently developed process‐based models of subsurface phenomena including: fracturing related to subsurface stress fields; weathering related to drainage of bedrock under hydraulic head gradients; rock damage from frost cracking due to subsurface temperature gradients; and mineral reactions with reactive fluids in subsurface chemical potential gradients. The models predict distinct patterns of subsurface weathering and CZ thickness that can be compared with observations from drilling, sampling and geophysical imaging. We synthesize the four hypotheses into an overarching conceptual model of fracturing and weathering that occurs as Earth materials are exhumed to the surface across subsurface gradients in stress, hydraulic head, temperature, and chemical potential. We conclude with a call for a coordinated measurement campaign designed to comprehensively test the four hypotheses across a range of climatic, tectonic and geologic conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of paleotectonic stress fields and quantitative prediction of multi-period fractures in shale reservoirs: A case study of the Niutitang Formation in the Lower Cambrian in the Cen'gong block,South China

Reservoirs where tectonic fractures significantly impact fluid flow are widespread. Industrial-level shale gas production has been established from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Cen'gong block, South China; the practice of exploration and development of shale gas in the Cen'gong block shows that the abundance of gas in different layers and wells is closely related to the degree of development of fractures. In this study, the data obtained from outcrop, cores, and logs were used to determine the developmental characteristics of such tectonic fractures. By doing an analysis of structural evolution, acoustic emission, burial history, logging evaluation, seismic inversion, and rock mechanics tests, 3-D heterogeneous geomechanical models were established by using a finite element method (FEM) stress analysis approach to simulate paleotectonic stress fields during the Late Hercynian—Early Indo-Chinese and Middle-Late Yanshanian periods. The effects of faulting, folding, and variations of mechanical parameters on the development of fractures could then be identified. A fracture density calculation model was established to determine the quantitative development of fractures in different stages and layers. Favorable areas for shale gas exploration were determined by examining the relationship between fracture density and gas content of three wells. The simulation results indicate the magnitude of minimum principal stress during the Late Hercynian — Early Indo-Chinese period within the Cen'gong block is −100 ∼ −110 MPa with a direction of SE-NW (140°–320°), and the magnitude of the maximum principal stress during the Middle-Late Yanshanian period within the Cen'gong block is 150–170 MPa with a direction of NNW-SSE (345°–165°). During the Late Hercynian — Early Indo-Chinese period, the mechanical parameters and faults play an important role in the development of fractures, and fractures at the downthrown side of the fault are more developed than those at the uplifted side; folding plays an important role in the development of fractures in the Middle-Late Yanshanian period, and faulting is a secondary control. This 3-D heterogeneous geomechanical modelling method and fracture density calculation modelling are not only significant for prediction of shale fractures in complex structural areas, but also have a practical significance for the prediction of other reservoir fractures.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7油组页岩层系天然裂缝发育特征及主控因素

利用地表露头、岩心、薄片和测井资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7油层组陆相页岩层系天然裂缝的成因类型、发育特征和主控因素进行研究。按地质成因,鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7油层组页岩层系的天然裂缝可以分为构造裂缝和成岩裂缝两大类,其中构造裂缝主要包括剪切裂缝和张性裂缝;成岩裂缝主要包括层理缝、页理缝和收缩裂缝。不同岩性中的天然裂缝发育情况明显不同,致密砂岩中以构造裂缝为主,层理缝仅在粉砂岩和局部细砂岩中发育;页岩和凝灰岩中页理缝、层理缝和构造裂缝均比较发育。不同类型的天然裂缝主控因素明显不同,构造裂缝的发育主要受岩性和岩石力学层层厚控制;砂岩中层理缝的发育主要受碳质纹层、粘土矿物转化程度等因素控制;凝灰岩中层理缝的发育主要受刚性玻屑脱玻化作用的控制;页岩中页理缝的发育主要受纹层、TOC含量和黄铁矿含量的控制。     

桩基负摩阻力在纠倾工程中的应用

:分析探讨了桩基负摩阻力的特性 ,提出了桩基下拉荷载的经验公式 ,并通过某深桩基础的纠倾工程验证了所建议公式的可行性 ,为桩基负摩阻力在建筑物纠倾工程中的应用提供了理论依据 ,为深桩基础建筑物的纠倾扶正技术提供了一种行之有效的方法     

俯冲带库仑楔形体力学

楔形体理论研究楔形体在底部摩擦力、重力和边界外力共同作用下内部的应力状态,有助于我们定量分析断层强度和岩石性质与楔形体稳定状态之间的关系.本文首先简要介绍基于不同楔形体材料而得出的应力解析解.然后介绍基于理想弹塑性材料的俯冲带库仑楔应力解析解.最后介绍基于该解析解而提出的动态库仑楔形体理论.俯冲带地震反射剖面数据表明,弧前靠近海沟部分地表坡度比较陡,其内部经历复杂永久塑性变形（称为外部楔形体,outer wedge）.而靠近内陆部分地表坡度比较平缓,反射剖面显示沉积层呈水平规则分布,常伴随沉积盆地（称为内部楔形体,inner wedge）.动态库仑楔形体理论认为弧前这种地表形态和内部构造特征的不同,可能反映了断层面摩擦性质的差异性.内部楔形体对应于断层面上的生震带,在地震周期可能主要经历弹性变形.而外部楔形体对应于断层面上的无震蠕滑部分,在地震发生时可能产生塑性破坏、永久变形.