菲尔德斯半岛潮间带生态系统中的食物网

菲尔德斯半岛潮间带食物链是较简单的 ,一般说来在不利环境条件下的生物群落只有很少的消费者和较少的营养级。食物链中主要的生产者是大型底栖藻类 ,主要消费者是腹足类和石鳖 ,棘皮动物中的海胆与海星 ,甲壳动物 ,鱼和海鸟 ,海鸟和鱼占营养级的上层 ,草食软体动物位于中间营养级 ,大量的固着藻类 -叶状藻类、皮壳状藻类构成营养级的底层。观测实验表明 :(1 )海鸟和鱼类减少了草食性软体动物和肉食性螺类的数量 ;(2 )肉食性腹足类减少了草食性软体动物和固着无脊椎动物的数量 ;(3 )草食性软体动物减少了叶状藻类的数量并影响到皮壳状藻类的数量 ,在不清除消费者的实验中 ,皮壳状藻类显示出与其它固着生物竞争空间的优势。作者观察了并在本文中描述了异性底质与消费者对固着生物多样性的影响。壳状藻类在低潮带岩石表面占优势 ,其它的固着生物 (叶状藻类与固着无脊椎动物 )占据洞穴和狭缝。同质岩石表面固着生物的种类与数量低于异质性的岩石表面。清除岩石表面的消费者后叶状藻类与其它固着无脊椎动物的种数就超过皮壳状藻类     

Are prominent mountains frequently mentioned in text? Exploring the spatial expressiveness of text frequency

Data-driven GIScience shows a growing interest in making spatial information from large text data. In this paper, we quantify and thus evaluate the relation between text frequency and properties of the outer-text, geographic setting by comparing text frequencies of mountain names to the respective geomorphometric characteristics. We focus on some 2000 unique mountain names that appear some 50,000 times in a large compilation of texts on Swiss alpine history. The results on the full data set suggest only a weak relation: only 5–10% of the variation in the text frequency being explained by the respective geomorphometric characteristics. However, an analysis of multiple scales allows us to identify a Simpson’s Paradox. What appears to be ‘noise’ in the analysis of all mountains in the whole of Switzerland shows significant local signals. Small spatial extents, found all over Switzerland, can show considerably strong correlations between text frequency and spatial prominence, with up to 90% of the total variation explained. We argue that our findings have practical implications for data-driven GIScience. Retrieving meaningful spatial information from text might only be possible if the spatial scale of analysis reflects the spatial scale described in the input text documents.     

1985—2015年矿产资源区域研究进展知识图谱

以1985—2015年CNKI收录的30 766篇矿产资源区域发展问题研究的期刊论文作为数据来源,运用VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件进行文献计量可视化研究。通过对知识图谱解析,还原矿产资源区域研究的发展历程。研究表明：矿产资源区域的研究热点经历了从区域经济、经济发展到可持续发展、循环经济再到资源型城市转型、协同发展的演化变迁。在经济新常态和供给侧改革的背景下,实现矿产资源区域发展转型和协同发展将是未来一段时间内的主题。     

基于知识图谱和综合征的科学环境知识挖掘——以民勤荒漠化为例

科学环境知识是实现区域土地可持续利用和管理的依据。民勤作为典型的荒漠化区域,对其荒漠化的发展过程及机制等科学环境知识的认识有助于指导干旱区土地荒漠化的防治。因此基于知识图谱方法,结合传统的文献综述方法,挖掘民勤科学环境知识并运用综合征框架进行知识组织管理。研究发现,常兆丰等、肖笃宁等、颉耀文等、康绍忠等、孙丹峰等、冯起等几个较成熟的团队在民勤进行了大量且较为成熟可信的研究,是本文获取科学环境知识的基础;民勤土地荒漠化研究主要集中于土地利用/覆被、荒漠化监测、景观格局变化,水资源利用及监测,荒漠植被演化和保护,环境变化及沙尘暴以及气候和人类活动的驱动5个相互联系耦合的热点方面;近60 a民勤土地荒漠化主要分为1949-1998年和1998-2010年主要的两个阶段,1949-1998年呈现耕地增长和荒漠化加剧的恶性循环过程,1998-2010年呈现荒漠化减弱以及地下水位下降的减缓,但仍表现为耕地的增长和自然植被的减少过程;并以民勤荒漠化的发展过程及机制为基础建立了综合征框架--民勤土地荒漠化是一个人类和自然综合作用下,土地利用/覆被、水资源、植被以及区域环境之间相互联系、相互影响的过程;科学环境知识综合征框架的挖掘集成可为后期系统建模与情景分析提供支持,为后续政策响应和措施制订提供参考。     

基于网络加权Voronoi图分析的南京市商业中心辐射域研究

道路网络在城市社会和经济活动中发挥重要作用.它是联系商业中心与需求间的桥梁.道路系统的更新与变化必然会对它们的关联产生影响Voronoi图足划分势力空间的有效工具,基于道路网络分析构建的加权Voronoi图可以模拟城市商业中心功能辐射的实际情形.本文给出了基于道路网络分析的Voronoi图和加权Voronoi图构建方法.通过对各种Voronoi图的比较分析,认为基于网络路径时间分析构建的加权Voronoi面域图在商业中心辐射域模拟中最为有效.将空间相互作用和断裂点理论与网络加权Voronoi面域图相结合.模拟不同交通条件下南京市商业中心辐射域空间格局及其需求覆盖变化,并提取了辐射域的覆盖面积、覆盖人口、最远辐射路径距离和平均辐射路径距离等信息.对商业中心的地铁邻近度与其辐射域的扩张面积进行相关分析.采用域邻接矩阵描述空间划分平衡与不平衡之间的相互转变过程,可分析道路系统变更后商业中心之间空间竞争的变化趋势.分析结果表明商业中心的地铁邻近度与辐射域的扩张具有较大的相关性,快速轨道交通在商业中心空间竞争中发挥关键作用.     

Asynchronism-synchronism of regional precipitation in South-to-North Water Transfer planned areas

1 IntroductionThe geographical feature of China is quite complex with an obvious spatial heterogeneity. At the sense of spatial distribution of precipitation, under the impacts of the relative position of land to ocean and the monsoon climate, the amount of precipitation tends to decrease from south to north and from southeast to northwest. According to the hydrological regionalization, the North China Plain, one of the social and economic centers of China[1,2], is a region short of water re…     

Hydrological impacts of flow regulation associated with the Upper Nepean water supply scheme,NSW

The upper Nepean River has been progressively regulated for water supply to Sydney and Wollongong since 1886 by the Upper Nepean Water Supply Scheme which consists of four large dams, two small dams and two diversion weirs. Secular rainfall changes produced periods of high rainfall and large floods (flood‐dominated regimes) between 1857 and 1900 and 1947 and the present, and an intervening period (1901–46) of low rainfall and small floods (drought‐dominated regime). Upstream impoundment and flow regulation significantly reduced flood magnitudes for most return periods during both types of flood regimes. The probability distribution of mean daily flows was also changed significantly by flow regulation such that during the drought‐dominated regime, the high and low frequency flows were reduced substantially but the moderate frequency flows were increased due to dam releases; the change from a regulated drought‐dominated regime to a regulated flood‐ dominated regime resulted in a substantial increase in discharge for most durations; and increased water diversions to Wollongong during the current flood‐dominated regime produced a marked downward shift in the whole flow duration curve. Nepean Dam reduced downstream suspended sediment yields by two orders of magnitude because it traps in excess of 99 per cent of the inflowing suspended sediment load. Streamflow releases are urgently required from the two diversion weirs to improve downstream water quality and to ensure the viability of the resident ‘potentially threatened’ eastern Macquarie perch (Macquaria nov. sp.).