分析在连续冻结隧道制冷系统优化配置中的应用

同样速冻能力的连续冻结隧道装置可以有不同的供冷系统配置.从节能的角度出发,对连续冻结隧道装置所配制冷系统的两种方案进行(火用)分析比较.结果表明,在采用双蒸发温度系统的配置中,冻结隧道装置有效能效率提高了3.14%,单位耗功和由于温差传热引起(火用)损失率分别下降了18.22%和27.22%,系统达到明显的节能效果.     

Frost heave modelling using porosity rate function

Frost‐susceptible soils are characterized by their sensitivity to freezing that is manifested in heaving of the ground surface. While significant contributions to explaining the nature of frost heave in soils were published in late 1920s, modelling efforts did not start until decades later. Several models describing the heaving process have been developed in the past, but none of them has been generally accepted as a tool in engineering applications. The approach explored in this paper is based on the concept of the porosity rate function dependent on two primary material parameters: the maximum rate, and the temperature at which the maximum rate occurs. The porosity rate is indicative of ice growth, and this growth is also dependent on the temperature gradient and the stress state in the freezing soil. The advantage of this approach over earlier models stems from a formulation consistent with continuum mechanics that makes it possible to generalize the model to arbitrary three‐dimensional processes, and use the standard numerical techniques in solving boundary value problems. The physical premise for the model is discussed first, and the development of the constitutive model is outlined. The model is implemented in a 2‐D finite element code, and the porosity rate function is calibrated and validated. Effectiveness of the model is then illustrated in an example of freezing of a vertical cut in frost‐susceptible soil. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of polluted soil remediation based on freezing and thawing cycles

It is generally known that soil pollution poses a terrible hazard to the environment, but the present techniques of contaminated soil remediation cannot control this growing threat. This paper compares the pollutant extraction efficiency of traditional pumping and treating, which is a typical washing technology for the remediation of contaminated soils, with methods that utilize freeze-thaw cycles. In the soil freezing process, water shifts from unfrozen soils to the freezing front, and the permeability of soil will be enhanced under certain temperature gradients and water conditions. Therefore, this paper discusses the purification of contaminated soil through freeze-thaw action. We conducted a cleansing experiment on clay and silica sand infused with NaCl（simulation of heavy metals） and found that the efficiency of purification was enhanced remarkably in the latter by the freeze-thaw action. To assess the effective extraction of DNAPLs in soil, we conducted an experiment on suction by freezing, predicated on the different freezing points of moisture and pollutants. We found that the permeability coefficient was significantly increased by the freezing-thawing action, enabling the DNAPL contaminants to be extracted selectively and effectively.     

Study of moisture migration in clay soils considering rate of freezing

The paper presents some methods of numerical modeling and a study of moisture changing in frozen clay soils considering rates of freezing in the base of construction.An impact assessment of moisture changes in clay soils affecting strength characteristics during thawing was carried out in stability tests.     

2011年1月大气环流和天气分析

2011年1月大气环流主要特征如下:北半球极涡中心位于北美北部,强度比常年同期偏弱.中高纬度地区环流呈现三波型分布,东亚大槽、北美槽强度偏弱,西欧槽接近常年同期,东亚锋区明显南压.南支槽位于90°E附近,强度与常年相当.西北太平洋副热带高压明显偏弱.1月主要气候特点:全国平均气温为-8.3℃,比常年同期(-5.9℃)偏低2.4℃,全国平均降水量为8.2 mm,比常年同期(12.1 mm)偏少3.9 mm.华北、黄淮等地区干旱持续发展,冷空气活动频繁,南方雨雪冰冻灾害严重.月内有3次中等强度冷空气及6次降水过程.     

Mechanism and forecasting method of persistent extreme weather events: review and prospect

Persistent extreme weather is of high disaster causing capability, represents a great threat to the safety of both people and property and results in substantial economic losses. However, the underlying mechanism of such high impact weather remains unclear, and related forecasting methods are quite under studied currently. Based on the comprehensive reviews of the relevant studies about persistent extreme weather, the prediction of such events within the period during 1～2 weeks in advance is believed to be a significant scientific issue. For this scientific problem, the studies of atmospheric low frequency process, the interaction between multi scale systems, the forcing of complicated underlying surface and sea land atmosphere interactions are necessary to be performed. These multi perspective studies will favor the final establishment of the corresponding forecasting theory and method based on the combination of dynamical prediction and statistical predication. It is hoped that the deficiencies in systematic studies about persistent extreme weather may be made up through pertinent studies, which will prolong the time length of forecasting and increase the prediction precision of such high impact events.     

Geotechnical problems on freezing ground soil and experimental investigation in Kazakhstan

Frost susceptibility should be considered in the design and construction of foundations and retaining-wall structures in regions with the seasonally freezing-soil ground condition. When planning construction that goes deep into this soil, one has to understand the impact of horizontal forces to an underground wall and realize the potential effect of frost heaving upon, deep foundations. This article presents a few soil tests for frost heaving and the results of those tests show dangerous data for retaining structures under the soil conditions in Kazakhstan. The main parameters of the soil include frost penetration and heaving rate and amount. So, in designing underground structures, one must understand and consider that frost heaving occurs in various directions; this factor is very important for predicting on the restriction of deformations of structures in the seasonally freezing-soil ground condition.     

1951-2020年中国南方地区低温雨雪冰冻危险性评估

基于1951—2020年中国南方12个省（市、区）258个气象站的平均温度和降水量日数据,提取低温雨雪冰冻事件及其过程负积温、累积降水量及日最大降水量等指标,表征不同重现期下（5 a、10 a、30 a、50 a）的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害危险性分布,再依据交通线路数据评估暴露风险。结果表明,发生次数较多地区集中在海拔较高的贵州、湖北、安徽、江苏等。平均持续时间的空间分布呈条带状,高值区边界较清晰,其中持续时间较长的区域在贵州和湖南。50 a一遇下的低温、雨雪、冰冻的负积温最低值为-78.2℃,累积降水量最大值为83.2 mm,日降水量最大值为38.9 mm。湖北、湖南、贵州、安徽及江西等地危险性较高,上述高危险区均存在高风险路段。     

A DENDROGEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SNOW AVALANCHES IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE,USA

Despite the growing risk of avalanche-related death and property damage associated with the burgeoning tourist industry in the Colorado Front Range, no dendro-geomorphological studies have been conducted to assess avalanche history in this region. In this study, dendrogeomorphological techniques are used to develop avalanche event chronologies and to reconstruct past slide magnitude at two sites located near Loveland Pass. At Mount Bethel, historical data compiled by the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) and the Westwide Data Network for the period between 1974 and 1996 corroborate four of eight dendrochronologically dated event years. At Grizzly Peak, four of five dendrochronologically determined event years occurring between 1981 and 1996 are supported by historical data kept by CDOT, the Westwide Data Network and the Arapaho Basin Ski Patrol. Avalanche path reconstruction and the examination of vegetative indicator species reveal periodic fluctuations in slide magnitude at both sites, suggesting that larger avalanches have run outside the present tracks multiple times. The chronicling and assessment of each path's slide history informs of past occurrences and alerts us to future risks. [Key words: avalanche, dendrogeomorphology, Colorado Front Range.]     

Different discretization method used in coupled water and heat transport mode for soil under freezing conditions

A coupled water and heat transport mode is established based on the Richards equation to study water flow and heat transport in soil during freezing process. Both the finite difference and finite element method are used in the discretization, respectively. Two different computer programs are written and used to simulate an indoor unidirectional frozen test. The freezing depth, freezing rate and temperature variation are compared among lab tests, finite difference calculation simulation and finite element calculation simulation. Result shows that: the finite difference method has a better performance in freezing depth simulation while the finite element method has a better performance in numerical stability in one-dimensional freezing simulation.